Reviewed by Allan Mallinson
Take a trip to New York and see the city from the air

When the Royal Flying Corps was recruiting its first pilots before the First World War, cavalry officers were preferred for their “good hands”. To judge from the photographs in Giles Whittell's most engaging book, female pilots of the Air Transport Auxiliary in the Second World War were preferred for their good legs. Since they were at first allowed to fly only in skirts, not trousers, there might indeed have been good reason for it.
Besides its intensely human stories, Whittell's moving tribute to these pioneers of semi-military flight is an account of women on the cusp of change in both war and peace, for the women pilots of the Air Transport Auxiliary were the first in any occupation in Britain to be conceded equal pay.
The ATA was formed to ferry aircraft from the factories to the RAF's airfields in Britain, freeing the RAF's pilots for operations. The preservation of the status of the pilots as non-combatants was, initially, something of an obsession. So the aircraft were flown unarmed and usually without instruments, whose accidental loss to the enemy would have given away our marginal technological lead.
Most of the ATA's pilots were men from the grounded civil aviation industry, and former RAF pilots with disabilities. They joked that the letters ATA stood for Ancient and Tattered Airmen. But in the Twenties and Thirties a significant number of women had qualified as pilots. It seemed obvious that this pool of talent should be used, although the authorities had misgivings about all sorts of things, not just trousers — for example, the strength required to fly the larger aircraft, whose control hydraulics were still crude.
The men of the ATA were very much officer class. Unlike the RAF, whose prewar apprenticeship scheme brought in many working-class boys, those who had qualified with Imperial Airways and others were of a smarter and racier stamp. It was even more true of the ATA's women, whose only route to a licence was via the prewar flying schools and a great deal of cash. And, too, there were heiresses in North and South America who risked the U-boats to come and do their bit in somebody else's war. As Whittell says: “In a rumpled sort of way, the ATA was the most exclusive flying outfit of the war.”
And so the girls had names such as Audrey Sale-Barker, Henrietta Stapleton-Bretherton, Zita Irwin, Lettice Curtis, Diana Barnato Walker. They stare from their Lenare portraits just like many another Mayfair gel; but by God could they fly. And when through mechanical failure they occasionally had to bale out and land in the “drink”, they bobbed to the surface, hailed passing fishing boats and hitched back to the ATA's headquarters at White Waltham in Berkshire to go up again. And they all wanted to fly the Spitfire — “the perfect lady's aeroplane”.
The Spitfire's allure is both the inspiration and theme of Leo McKinstry's Spitfire: Portrait of a Legend. Everything about it is of epic status, beginning with the heroic race against terminal illness of its designer, R.J.Mitchell. McKinstry has searched out facts and recollections on an impressive scale to tell the story of the plane's conception, manufacture, role in the Battle of Britain and development.
It is a story of genius, jealousy, intrigue, courage — and sex. For if the female pilots of the ATA were desperate to fly the Spitfire, the RAF's fighter pilots regarded the plane as little short of a mistress. The Spitfire was certainly an aphrodisiac, and in 1940 seems to have been the best girl-bait in the world. It will never again be possible to fly from Norwich airport — the former RAF Horsham St Faith — without McKinstry's image of fighter pilots jumping out of the ditch at the edge of the runway, desperately pulling up their trousers as the “scramble” bell rang.
McKinstry is less than convincing in denigrating Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding's handling of the Battle of Britain, however. It betrays a lack of appreciation of the difference between the levels of command when he equates the commander of Fighter Command with the commander of Eighth Army, claiming that Dowding's hands-off style was as if Montgomery had told his corps commanders to arrange things among themselves at Alamein.
And it is as well that Fighter Command's tireless ground crew had sharper eyes than McKinstry's proofreader, who has left the book peppered with howlers, not least, in one place, Dowding's name. But for all this, Portrait of a Legend is an utterly absorbing book.
It is hardly surprising that the women of the ATA all wanted to fly the Spitfire. But some qualified even for the Lancaster bomber, with four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines to the Spitfire's one.There were those who might have been called “masculine”: Amy Johnson was certainly proud of having bowled over-arm at cricket at school. But some played up their “femininity”, as one of the surviving pilots, Mary de Bunsen, recounts:
“‘My Dear,' one or other would exclaim in the mess, ‘I've got my first Hudson (or Mitchell, or whatever it might be) and I know I shall crash and I've got a pain (cold, temperature, etc).' And they would totter out, leaving a trail of handkerchiefs, lipsticks, handbags etc, which would be picked up by willing (male) hands. They would then fly whatever it was superbly to its destination, where they would be assisted out of the aeroplane and the same pantomime would take place.”
In fact, the ATA's female pilots lost fewer aircraft than their male colleagues. But losses there were, and of pilots too. Although the death of Amy Johnson has been told many times, not least in the film They Flew Alone (1942), with Anna Neagle, Whittell tells the story with suspense, perfect context and technical detail, so that the lump in the throat is a large one.
It is quite impossible to read Whittell's book without emotional engagement. There is much laughter to be had, and much anger, too, at the restrictions under which these women flew, albeit seemingly reasonable enough at the time. One cannot but be humbled seeing and reading that in fact Mary de Bunsen was no society gel, but rather the bespectacled “daughter in waiting”, with a hole in the heart, and lame from polio.
Above all, one is all but overwhelmed by the sense of utter admiration. And of gratitude, indeed. For if, in Churchill's words, “never was so much owed by so many to so few”, then those few, as well the many, owed a very great deal to these fewer still.
Spitfire Women by Giles Whittell
Harper £20
Spitfire by Leo McKinstry
John Murray £20
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Diane Barnato Walker President 135 Sqdrn and one of the Spifire Ladies died just a few days ago (Monday I believe).
RIP - 30 April 2008
Jones, Kingston, UK
My brother, Freddy Rollinson, was a flight engineer with the ATA busy delivering various aircraft throughout the war. Although non-combatants they were vulnerable because they could not defend themselves if attacked. When the ATA was disbanded at the end of the war, he was promptly called up into the RAF to do his National Service! He was an embarrassment because of his greater age and experience compared with the other recruits. Fortunately, after the first week, an understanding medic at Padgate diagnosed a previously unknown gammy leg rendering him quite unfit for National Service and he was invalided out. The leg miraculously recovered. He went to work with a friend, Freddie Laker, and later Rolls Royce at Derby as a technical author. He died in 1991.
Gordon Rollinson, Winchester, U.K.
My Mother, Molly Rose, is now in her 88th year and was one of the ATA pilots. She qualified as a pilot at the tender age of 17, then became a ground engineer at the age of 18, working on Gypsy Majors and joined the war effort shortly afterwards. Her father, David Gregory Marshall, founded the aircraft manufacture and design company Marshall of Cambridge which was developed by her brother, Sir Arthur Marshall, who died recently at the age of 103! My mother regularly gives talks about the ATA and occasionally meets up with other remaining ATA pilots.
Gregory Rose, Stepney, London, UK
My Mother, (who will be 92 years old tomorrow) flew in the ATA and we are all hugely proud of her. I would love to know how to find out more details of the plan to honour these pilots. The local newspaper published a front page story to mark her 90th birthday and on that weekend her home was buzzed by several light aircraft, including a Tiger Moth, all of which waggled their wings in salute. How great is that!
Virginia Dreyer, Nelspruit, South Africa
re SPITFIRE WOMEN. I was one of them and am the only member of ATA left in Australia. Please contact the MP on my behalf or tell me how i can.
Please do give us our validation for this is very important to me. but do it quickly before any more of us die.
If there is to be a ceremony my family will try to get Qantas to fly me over perhaps as a PR exercise . Perhaps you know others that could help.
Ruth Adams nee Russell
Ruth Adams, Adelaide, South Australia
My mother, Pauline Gower, founded and commanded the Women's section of the ATA. I had the honour of meeting several of the women pilots when researching my book âA Harvest of Memoriesâ. Their achievements were both numerous and spectacular, marked with humour and modesty. I believe it to be very important that their crucially significant role is recognised and commemorated.
Michael Fahie, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
My late mother was in the WRNNs during the war, and served on various Fleet Air Arm airf stations as an air mechanic!!
She told me that her happy band of WRNNs and herself frequently used to taxi the aircraft around, and then be taken up to detect engine differences etc to see how well the aircraft was running! If there was an an air raid, they frequently taxied the aircraft they were repairing out of harms way!!
How valiant a job was that!!
Maggie Snook, Wareham, Dorset UK
It is a sorry state of affairs when these wonderful ladies have to wait until their 80's - 90's to receive credit, where credit is due. My Grandmother worked 12 hour shifts building Mosquito bombers all during the war, while raising a family, as Grandad was overseas and never had any recognition from the goverment, just like hundreds of other dedicated women. Three cheers for the Spitfire girls.
G.John Farmer, Bowmanville, Canada
Yes, the efforts made by these wonderful women flyers of the ATA are worth all the acclaim they get for helping the RAF to curb the might of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe during our finest hour. Peter Brennan, Halmstad, Sweden, former RAF National Serviceman. (Per Adua Ad Astra)
Peter Brennan, Halmstad, Sweden
Can I assume that the award will also be made to the male pilots of the ATA, who served in larger number than their female colleagues?
Incidentally, Amy Johnson wouldn't have "clambered out on to the fuselage" of her Oxford - the door is on the side.
PE, St Albans,
Ineresting that retrospective honours can be considered for women but not for Bomber Command members .
The petition calling for a Bomber Command medal was dismissed last year by Blair.
So nothing to do with bravery but everything to do with PC.
Jon, Dijon, France
I believe there were approximately 1100 female pilots in the US who did similar ferrying duty during the war. 38 of them lost their lives. It is a great shame they have not been properly honored.
Dan, New York, NY USA
It may be interesting for "The Times" readers to know about Soviet (Russian) female fighter-pilots of the WW II:
Lidia Litvak, Ekaterina Budanova, Raisa Belyaeva, Maria Kuznetsova.
Lidia Litvak - before WW-II -a pilot-instructor.
Lidia had a nickname "A White Rose of Stalingrad" - 11 kills + 1 baloon (reconnaissance aerostat). Killed in action 4 August 1943.
Budanova 6 individual kills + 5 group kills. Killed 19 July 1943.
Andrei Vorontsov, Trowbridge, Wiltshire
As a person 5ft 6 tall who had difficulty in leaning to fly twin engined trainers, and therefore failed the course, I find it amazing that at least two of these ladies were under 5ft tall, and still delivered 4 engined bombers with no conversion training. One of them used to visit Shoreham Airport where I worked in the late 1950s. I think it was Joan Hughes
K Wells, Bognor Regis, England
It's taken all this time to honour these women?! Women that flew aircraft and could have easily ended up in the sights of an enemy fighter.
In the Battle of Britain too..
I didn't even know they had done this during the war. It's about time to give the credit due.
Lost in Praha, Prague, Czech Republic
It's about bloody time that those to whom Lord Beaverbrook was referring as "...soldiers fighting in the struggle just as completely as if...engaged in the battlefront" were honoured for their contributions to perpetuation of liberty and the defeat of barbarism and hatred quite a few decades past.
Edward B Woody Ryder, Greenlawn, NY/USA
I was once talking to a man I knew, a Norwegian. I asked hiim if it was true that he was one of the Telemark heroes . He falsely (I later found out) told me he was only a back room boy. He actually took part in the whole operation. His wife was a very middle class English lady with a slight tint to her grey hair ,cashmere twinset and a rope of pearls. I casually said to her " Did you do anything in the war?" With no histrionics at all she said that she had delivered Spitfires and many other marks of aeroplanes to the squadrons throughout the war. I don't know which of the two surprised me most but I was incredibly proud to feel that I knew them
alan burden, mijas pueblo, s
I am the author of 'Spitfire Girls' and am thrilled to learn of this form of recognition. In fact there were 180 women in ATA if one includes the brave group of American girls who flew over from the USA, headed by Jacqui Cochrane.
Carol Gould, London, United Kingdom
I remember the stories of one teacher in school talking about ferrying B-24's to alaska during the war. Dripping wet I don't think she was over 98 lb's and barely tipped the minimum height at 5'. Yea, I'd say it is long over due to honor them. In the Us many belonged to the WACS but it was not considered part of the armed forces and they were denied any sort of service related benifits. To say the least they and thier families deserved a well earned entitlement program just as the men have even if it is a generation too late...
Arlos, aptos, California
Does anyone know if Mrs. Dianna Barnato Walker is still alive? I know she flew with ATA during the war?
Ralph/Satellite Beach, Fla. USA
Ralph E. Kennerknecht, SATELLITE BEACH, , FLORIDA, USA
Two points: isn't it sad that it has taken 60 years for this acknowledgement, and doesn't it seem to happen far too often. Down here, survivors of a multi-fatality naval disaster in the 1960s are still battling safe and comfortable bureaucrats and snivelling politicians for justice: is the system really geared to hold out and wait for most, if not all, to die out ? And let's not forget that Soviet women flew combat missions in WW II, and very successfully too (a reminder which endorses neither the policies nor the actions of the USSR or its then leader).
Leonard Colquhoun, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
as a female private pilot, this is a belated well-deserved brave recognition.
please announce when and where the ceremony.
thank you.
lyn, santa barbara, ca, usa