Anatole Kaletsky: Economic view
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What has been this year’s most important economic and financial story? Most people seem to agree that it has been the global credit crunch and the US housing crisis. However, in fact, this has been a sideshow compared with the far more important shift in the structure of global growth in favour of America, largely at the expense of Europe, including Britain. This shift was confirmed by the remarkably strong US GDP figures published last Thursday and is likely to trigger a substantial rebound in the dollar – just when cover stories in business magazines around the world are announcing the American currency’s permanent decline.
While the markets and the media have focused on the risks of a US recession, the third-quarter GDP figures actually showed an acceleration of growth to 4.9 per cent - the strongest quarterly growth rate since the first year of the present expansion in 2003.
However, the good news that America has kept growing rapidly despite the collapse of housing is tempered by some very bad news: the biggest casualties of the falling dollar and the crisis in the US property market will not be American homeowners and consumers, but businesses and workers in the rest of the world.
This is because the driving force of the US economy’s acceleration this year has an upsurge in net exports – and this trend is likely to become even more pronounced in the near future, for reasons directly related to the property slump.
A strong link has been observed over the years in most advanced economies between housing cycles and the balance of payments. When property prices boom, a country’s imports tend to rise and its exports to slow down, as market forces shift labour and resources from manufacturing to housebuilding and consumption. Once house prices start to decline, the opposite effect occurs and the trade balance shifts in favour of exports. This relationship was clearly demonstrated by the detailed study of 44 housing cycles in 18 countries published two years ago by the Federal Reserve Board, which I mentioned on this page two weeks ago.
The experience of all these cycles suggests that, as house prices decline, the US will probably reverse most of the deterioration in its current account deficit over the past four years. This deficit increased by 3.5 per cent of GDP, equivalent to $400 billion, between 2002 and 2005. Thus a narrowing of the same amount – say $200 billion in each of the next two years – should now be expected.
A year ago, such a prediction might have seemed just a theoretical speculation, but in the past few months, the narrowing of the US trade deficit – and the boom in America’s export sector – have become observable facts. Since the summer of 2006, America’s deficit has shrunk by 1.5 per cent of GDP and the latest trade figures have shown US exports growing by 15 per cent in real terms, while imports grow by only 5 per cent. In the next two years, with the dollar now at record lows, this shift in the US trade pattern is likely to move even faster, adding 1.5 to 2 per cent to America’s growth.
The good news is that this export boost should be enough to offset the damage done by the housing slump to the American economy and its jobs market. The bad news is that the $400 billion worth of extra economic activity gained by US businesses and workers will be exactly matched by losses in Europe, Asia and the rest of the world. If this happens – and it is happening already – the biggest impact of the US housing slump may not be on America, but on its trading partners. And perhaps the most important questions about next year’s economic outlook is which countries and regions will suffer most from the “improvement” in US trade. Most people’s instinctive answer is that the countries most threatened by this reducing in the US deficit must be the ones that have the biggest surpluses against the US – China, Japan and the oil-producing countries.
If the US trade deficit shrinks by $200 billion or so in each of the next two years, simple arithmetic seems to suggest that the trade surpluses of other regions will have to fall by the same amount.
Because Japan, China and Opec are the only US trading partners with surpluses that big, it seems natural to assume that they will be the ones that suffer from the loss of US trade. However, this simple arithmetic is misleading: the US trade deficit could easily shrink by $200 billion or more, even if the Chinese and Japanese surpluses stayed as big as they are today or kept expanding. This could happen if Europe moved from its present position of rough trade balance, to an American-style deficit of several hundred billion dollars. In that case, Europe would prove more vulnerable than Japan, China or the Middle East to a US slowdown, just as it did in 2000-02 and in 1991-93.
How likely is this to happen in the next year or two? Most European policymakers and businessmen seem to think that it is impossible. Europe, they say, has never had huge American-style deficits in the past, so why should they suddenly emerge now? Sadly for European exporters, the answer is quite simple: currency movements. Although today’s media headlines and market chatter are dominated by stories about the “collapsing” of the dollar, the real currency story of the past few years has not been the devaluation of the dollar, but the revaluation of the euro and the pound. The fact is that the dollar has scarcely been devalued at all against the important Asian currencies – it is worth exactly the same against the yen as it was three years ago.
Meanwhile, the euro and the pound are now 20 per cent more expensive, not only against the dollar, but also against the yuan and the yen.
To make matters worse for European exporters, the character of America’s trade adjustment is now undergoing a change. Whereas last year’s narrowing of the US trade deficit was caused mainly by a slowdown in US consumption, the global trading system is now moving into a phase in which the devaluation of the dollar becomes the main driving force. This is because a currency movement typically takes two years or more to affect exports, and so the full effects of the weak dollar on global trade patterns will only be felt in the two years ahead. As a result, the marginal producers of goods for the American market are much more likely to be European than Chinese, South Korean or Japanese. Moreover, the biggest trade effects of the dollar’s decline against the euro are likely to be seen not in the American or European markets, but in third countries where European manufacturers compete against American, Japanese and other Asian rivals on roughly even terms. These are the markets in which European exporters will be squeezed out most readily by price competition from their Asian and American rivals.
In sum, it may seem natural to think of companies such as Toyota, Sony or Samsung as being most vulnerable to the present US mortgage crisis, but the real casualties of a US slowdown will probably be the likes of Volkswagen, Philips and Nokia.

Anatole Kaletsky writes for The Times Comment pages on Thursdays. One of the country's leading commentators on economics, he was formerly Economics Editor and is now an Associate Editor of The Times. He has won many awards for his financial and political journalism. Before joining The Times, he worked for 12 years on the Financial Times
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There was just an article on MSN regarding a variety of European companies closing down their plants in Europe and bringing their plants to the US. It was called 'Made in America' because of the weak dollar. http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/Extra/WeakDollarAddsTwistToMadeInUSA.aspx
Also, have you noticed that the dollar is strong against the yen , but falling against the dollar and euro. Don't you all see a strategy here?? Duh!!
Don't believe all the hype that the US economy is going downhill. Look at the reality. As it again proved today, report on consumer spending beats forecaster's expectations which was very unexpected. Consumer spending is still very strong in the USA. In fact, the past 4 days I've been Christmas shopping, 'm seeing loads of people buying and lots of it. All of the stores I entered had long lines. As for job growth, well if it takes me 2 hours to get to work each day(20 miles one way), that means there's still a lot of people employed!
Ann, Pasadena, CA
Oh dear its Anatole's demon back to haunt him. Whatever the dollar does is best for the US, whereas whatever the Euro does is bad for Europe. I suggest AK tries a thought experiment: next time you rant on about how great it is when the dollar is high and low, substitute the word Euroland for US and see what it looks like, then try and see Europe that way.
The germ of truth inside this negative character trait of Anatole's is that the US is a more competitive and flexible economy that usually delivers more growth (but with severe social costs). Focus on the issue AK, not the symptoms. Glass half empty?
Ben P., Robertsbridge, UK
You Brits need not worry cuz we Americans have a great love for the English and Europe. We would never abandon our buddies across the Pond.
You guys came to Afganistan and Iraq with us...your blood and ours is intermingled and spilled in un imagineable places and police efforts world wide.
We Yanks are resiliant and inventive...together with you Brits and the Continent....we will prevail over these short term economic difficulties and pool our collective talents and brains to get this 21st century out of 1st gear and into overdrive quikly. Our collective futures are so bright "We gonna need sunglasses".
marty mechanic, Santa Cruz, california
Actually I'm not at all certain what this article is trying to tell me, only that it is running around in circles saying things are going to happen which nobody else believes will come to pass. Well, it pain's me to remind the author, though I fear I must, he is the man who told us the Euro would melt like Camembert cheese. That hasn't happened to so why should we believe him on this...
John Walter, Bonn , Germany
Interesting this idea the dollar may come back, but I think all these movements are cyclical in the longer term, and just how much lower can it go before moving up. The issue of the yen is also interesting, as Japan is of course what Britain is not, relatively, speaking and that is an exporter (do we actually make anything any more??) As for Europe, sclerotic is I think the word which sums it all up. A shame, though as a Brit who spends a lot of time in the Eurozone I can afford to hedge my bets.
Chrs Wright, Newcastle, England
Economic predictions are fraught with unknowable pitfalls: derivatives, and their misuse, played a key roll in the subprime disaster and Anatole talks about this being 'not' the big story. However, derivatives could also play a material part in making Anatole's alternative big story a damp squib too. On the ball Corporate Treasury departments should be well aware of their risk to currencies and can hedge exposure accordingly, making money through derivatives as currency moves hit their foreign sales. (think of Porsche's recent headlines)
For sure some Euro exporters will suffer through the coming months but smart derivative use will dampen the affect of currency moves on well run companies. The big story of this period may well be the gradual transfer of Corporate US to the Oil rich Middle Eastern nations (think Citigroup). And more interestingly, what happens to the global economy if Oil rich nations keep capital markets propped up at inefficient levels for a couple of years?
Andy Shaw, London,
Once again we see American ruthless practicality in the face of European malice and envy... The reality is that Europe is as it has been for 70 years... totally dependent on the U.S., it's stronger, richer and more energetic companion.
Europe's economy is locked in the industrial age while America's has moved on to the post-industrial age. The U.S. was just rated the most 1 in international competitiveness despite being the largest economy. The U.S. has a growing population, the E.U.' is shrinking. By a number of measures, U.S. technological superiority is actually increasing.
American does have one Achilles heal, oil and this weakness is what is causing the trade deficit and dollar weakness. What the anti-Americans refuse to see, however, is that a protracted period of high oil prices is exactly the medium and motivation needed to end the oil age. As this is manifests, America's deficit will turn to huge surplus.The U.S Juggernaut will then truly become profoundly dominant.
W.H. Langeman, Tucson, USA, AZ
I agree with George on this one. The target is not the euro, it's the Yuan. The US are talking down their currency to turn the pressure up on the Chinese who will eventually have to revalue.
Johnboy, Jackson,
rather than think on a global basis, think of the opportunities at the individual level, either by buying US real estate at the right time, probably next year, or US shares. The US is thee place and will be thee place for the next 50 years. China and India are over hyped. The US makes the rules, will change the rules and the rest of the world will follow. I have a lot of respect for the Americans, because unlike Britain with itd class sysytem and incompetance, the US respects anybody with new ideas, money or self belief. By the way I am a proud Scotsman, who believes that their is much to learn from the Americans.
Jim mCCALLUM, Calgary, canada
Dear Sir,
I am not an economist, but have to ask - has any economist actually predicted any significant boom or bust for the past 100 years ? I think notaa
Andrew Anderson, rousse, bulgaria, bulgaria
I run a small exporting business, selling specialty raw materials, mainly in developing countries. Our biggest competitor and market leader is US-based and they set market prices in US Dollars. Though we have managed to maintain our sales volumes year on year, we have however seen our gross profits decline since 2003 at an average of -40% each year. With that goes hand-in-hand a decline in the taxes we pay to the Exchequer. At the end of this tax year we will be forced to wind up the company. Not only do we loose, but so does this country. And, all of this grief is purely due to the dollar exchange rate alone.
Do not cry for me, as I am already setting up a new business, but guess what Mr Brown, it's not going to be here, in your socialist paradise! We're going to set-up in the US and so I'm sorry to say that you'll never get another tax Pound or Dollar out of our business. And, we are not alone in this exodus. As they say, "If you can't beat 'em, join 'em".
Nigel, Coventry, UK
Good corrective to all this hysteria about the end of days for the dollar. Isn't the current weakness of the dollar versus the euro just another example of the dollar weapon in action? That is, the US deliberately talking down the greenback to send capital out of the dollar and into a target currency to improve its trade deficit with that country. They did it to Germany in the 70s, Japan in the 80s and 90s, now it's the EU's turn. The fact that the dollar has remained steady against the Asian currencies seems to me proof of this. To all the doom-mongers out there: those Americans are cleverer than you think.
http://reheated.wordpress.com/2007/12/03/the-falling-dollar-and-the-dollar-weapon/
Johnny, London,
The author contends the USD$ value has remained constant to the Yen and Yuan. Hmmm. I thought both were pegged in value to the USD for trade purposes? Which would explain why the three currencies have retained their values no?
Further, the value of the USD in terms of what it will buy has decreased. I am here living and buying. My costs are necessities have increased significantly. The US gov's inflation data is tame but you know better if you are -like me- out here trying to survive and without pay raises while inflation takes your buying power.
All this is very complex and I don't think anyone... including the US fed reserve knows anything for sure fwiw but I'd love for someone to clarify things and prove to me otherwise. fwiw
George , Buffalo NY, USA
I've contributed a couple hundred bucks to the shrinking deficit by giving up the pleasure of extravagently expensive British beer in favor of domestic brands!
David, Philadelphia, USA
The _really_ bad news seems to be that such a scenario is going to lead to a flood of calls for protectionism from EU politicians, calls which will likely be acted upon sooner or later.
A global recession somehow seems almost the lesser of two evils.
Ian Kemmish, Biggleswae, UK
Anatole has got it completely right. It's not only trade but capital flows too. With the Dollar this cheap , non-american investors will start to buy up US assets and its the capital account which immediately impacts the valus of the $. in addition, as the interbank market has imploded how are non-american banks going to fund theirs US$ assets. An amercan institution
can borrow from the Fed. The others will have to buy $'s.
Alan, Paris, France
Alan Abel, Paris , France
The decline of the dollar over the last 5 years and the calls of the "USA is finnished" that accompanies this political diatribe has to do to a large extent with European/British American bashing and nothing to do with real economic.When Europe wakes up shortly to a full blowen recession they will realize that their idiotic hatred/jealousy of the USA is what has lead them down this path and not level headed economic or political thinking. Of course they will then blame the Americans for their woes as they have always done in the past.
Leslie Udwin, Jerusalem, Israel
The psychological phenommena of "recency" makes humans think what is currently going on is the norm, and will just continue going on. But in the natural world cycles rule driven by natural entropy versus self-organizing efficencys on a constant sea-saw. Long wave currency cycles do exist and people are mistaking this short wave down cycle for the dollar as a permanent thing. But they neglected to see this ball of mercury is reasserting itself by exporting more product cheaply and as the sub-prime fraud is absorbed the combination of increasing exports and financial transparency will strengthen the dollar. All the Federal Reserve has to do is not lower rates too much, just enough to stimulate speculative investment which will re-inflate the growth engines of the economy. Strangely enough America is in the cat-bird seat on this one and the over-valued Euro will become increasingly precarious, as will the commodity driven emerging market currencies with any global slowdown.
Brian Stewart, Los Angeles, USA
If Europe bears the brunt of the depreciation of the US dollar, then the UK will also be affected. Roughly 60 per cent of UK foreign trade is with Europe. If Europe slows down then there will be some slowdown in the demand for UK exports. This slowdown in Europe is dependent on how much growth in Europe is reliaant on net exports. The pound is appreciating against the US dollar as well, so UK exports to the USA will be adversley affected. This will depend on the price and income elasticities for UK goods and sevices in the USA. Then there is the issue of UK exports competing against US exports on world markets.
Richard Flockart, Canberra, Australia
I suspect that the US government, instead of taking their complaints to the World Trade Organization that rarely sympathizes with the US, has decided to allow the devaluation of its currency. Their silence over the US Dollars devaluation is breathtaking.
For years, in Europe, I used to hear screams of anguish that the Dollar "was too strong" (as though it was a matter of pride?).
I have found Americans extremely practical people. Their Honor and patriotism does not extend to their currency. They could care less if their currency was used as toilet paper in the Congo, as long as they are laughing all the way to the bank.
Myles, Bath, UK
It seems the current trend for currencies is a race to the bottom, but some of the US's partners are getting twitchy about rising inflation, and are contemplating decoupling from the US dollar. This may make things a little better for Euro denominated companies, but only if those countries have industries which are in direct competition to EU firms.
But there also is the issue of EU companies buying commodities in US dollars, and therefore also saving some money there. It won't affect labour costs but it could help to ease some of the financial pain.
Justin, Nr. Lincoln, UK
Interesting contrarian point-of-view. Two things that I think aren't being considered here:
1- low US currency rates are exporting massive inflation to China, making it likely that China will revalue upwards
2- economies driven by oil 'de-dollarize' their economies (principally by invoicing oil in other currencies), effectively revaluing upwards their local currencies.
Wouldn't these actions effectively distribute the burden more than just on Europe?
Yannick, Barcelona,