Anatole Kaletsky
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At the beginning of this year I wrote that if the financial markets did not resolve the credit crisis by February, the governments of the world would have to come up with a Plan B. Central banks would slash interest rates or governments would cut taxes and offer guarantees or regulators would fudge accounting rules to ensure that banks could keep lending.
Events have moved faster than I expected. On Tuesday, the US Federal Reserve Board implemented its biggest rate cut since the early 1980s. Previously implacable enemies in the US political leadership have reached a bipartisan agreement on $150 billion of emergency tax cuts. In Britain, Gordon Brown has offered Northern Rock shareholders the biggest subsidy ever paid by any government to any private company.
Does this hyperactivity mean that the world economy is on the brink of catastrophe? Or does it suggest that the credit crunch is now almost over, and that the world economy faces only a moderate slowdown or, at worst, a mild recession?
The risks are certainly greater today than they have been since the 2001 US and European recession – and for Britain the prospects seem dimmer than at any time since 1992. But is this really, as George Soros proclaimed, in an article for the Financial Times, “the worst market crisis in 60 years”?
The claim is unequivocally wrong, since the 20 per cent fall in share prices and the US mortgage problem cannot remotely compare with the crises that racked the world economy in the 1970s and early 1980s, when inflation and interest rates soared to 20 per cent, stock markets plunged by 80 per cent in real terms, big banks fell like ninepins and unemployment was double or triple the present level.
Allowing for poetic licence, however, Mr Soros offers the most persuasive case for the prosecution. His argument rests on three assumptions, each of which offers important insights into how the global economy got into its present troubles, but which may nonetheless prove misleading in anticipating what happens next.
His first insight is that this crisis is more than just a typical boom-bust cycle. This cycle, he contends, marks the climax of a 60-year boom in consumer borrowing and credit growth. This has produced excesses in banking, asset values and financial innovation that will take years or decades to unwind. Economies addicted to easy credit will be devastated if their banking systems suffer a long-term decline, which is what Mr Soros’s “super-cycle” implies.
His second insight is that reversal of “the 60-year super-boom” will damage America most, ending the global dominance of the dollar and shifting the balance of power in the world economy to the creditor nations of Asia and the Middle East.
Both these points are absolutely valid. The reversal of credit growth, the slowdown in US consumption and the shift in economic power towards Asia will all undoubtedly happen, but there is no evidence that these shifts will be so abrupt as to cause a serious recession, still less the greatest economic crisis for 60 years.
Mr Soros’s third, and most important, insight is that the two super-cycles he describes – in global credit and in US consumption – were part of an even bigger super-cycle in politics. The excesses of financial innovation and consumer spending were encouraged by deregulation, based on a belief that the market was always right and could solve its own problems. This “market fundamentalism” ignored, in Mr Soros’s view, the driving force of all boom-bust cycles, which is what he calls “reflexivity”. As markets are driven not by reality but by investors’ often misguided views about reality, prices tend to overshoot on the way up (when everyone is too bullish) and also on the way down. As investors chase prices up or down, they change reality and justify their own expectations.
The collapse of confidence in the US banking system is changing reality and causing a recession that will justify investors’ fears of further catastrophic deterioration in the banks. But Mr Soros’s assumption ignores a powerful force in human nature: rationality. Businesses driven by the profit motive have a natural bias to try to create wealth, rather than destroy it – and they elect governments to support, rather than sabotage, this process.
Mr Soros is right that markets have a natural tendency to create reflexive boom-bust cycles. A world of pure market fundamentalism would degenerate into the madhouse of manic-depressive speculation that Mr Soros describes. That, however, is not the real world. Laissez-faire politicians constantly overrule market forces when they face serious crises.
Politicians are naturally less eager to limit excessive booms than devastating busts. There are, of course, times when governments fail to stimulate an economy enough to prevent a serious recession. There are also situations where governments and central banks have been constrained in providing stimulus, either by high inflation or ERM membership. In general, though, it is much more likely that politicians will err on the side of too much stimulus, rather than doing too little too late. This is the main reason why the world economy has a bias towards long booms and short, shallow slowdowns.
My hunch is that a combination of monetary and fiscal easing, along with some regulatory changes – the political Plan B – will lessen the credit crisis and prevent a world recession. So, will stabilising rationality or destabilising reflexivity emphasised by Mr Soros be the main force driving the economy this year? It is impossible to say for certain yet. But we will soon find out.

Anatole Kaletsky writes for The Times Comment pages on Thursdays. One of the country's leading commentators on economics, he was formerly Economics Editor and is now an Associate Editor of The Times. He has won many awards for his financial and political journalism. Before joining The Times, he worked for 12 years on the Financial Times
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Ari, New York, NY
So we are now seeing what the free markets are really about. When they work fine the bankers and brokers make a lot of money. But when they go wrong the taxpayers have to bail them out. In the long run that is bound to lead to policies and institutions that take enormous risks which eventually transfer more and more money to fewer and fewer people. No wonder world poverty isn't really being solved.
GH, Malaga, Spain
"markets have a natural tendency to create reflexive boom-bust cycles."
No they don't. Government-backed increases in the money supply create these cycles.
Sigh...
Sam, London,
Rationality? explain what it is? financial incentives drive capitalism..which ever way...life is about hunches but logic will prevail...for a few weeks all will seem ok, the credit system hit a peak, the bottom we shall see in years to come, short term you will be right...like those sales persons at countrywide...making the quick buck...
manuel, richmond,
If we really want to assess the respective capacities to predict the outcome here it would be helpful to have an objective asessment of Mr Kaletski's predictions over the last three years and the outcomes associated. I doubt this will be forthcoming.
Gris, PARIS, France
As a professional institutional investor for over 25 years, I am more than inclined to agree with Mr. Soros over Mr. Kaletsky. The the crisis has not yet played out fully. It is highly likely (I regret) that Mr. Soros will be proven right. I suggest everyone read Mr. Soros' book, Financial Alchemy.
MrInvestor, Wilton, USA
"I believe that the global credit crisis, far from taking a turn for the worse, is now almost over" - AK, "Goodbye to all that: the worst is over for the global credit crunch", Times, 14 Jan 2008.
I'm with FP (below) on this one - Private Eye have already noted the tendency of AK's predictions to be 180 degrees out of kilter. Soros has made billions out of the financial markets - if anyone's likely to be able to read the present situation, it's him.
Patrick, Moscow, Russia
I read the Soros article in the FT yesterday. It seemed so lucid, clear and so well argued in terms that anyone could understand, I kept it for re-reading if I should ever become unclear about what is happening in the financial markets and why.
Mr. Kaletsky begins his last paragraph with: "My hunch is ........" Mr. Soros would smile at that, I think. The winners and losers in the financial markets are recognisable by those with hunches and those who know exactly what's happening and why -- like Mr. Soros.
A G McFarlane, Bucharest, Romania
Perhaps Mr Soros is yelling 'Fire' because he's invested in a company that makes extinguishers.
Eric, Ottawa, Canada
No one has any Idea how far this will run, least of all you Mr Kaletsky
This is only the biginning.
Mike, Berlin,
There is an accumulated overspending by US since George bush presidency leading to excessive deficits funded by overseas money. there is an accummulated miscalculated over credit banks and financial institutuions on the basis of boom period low interest inflated speculative higher real estate market values as well as wage stream incomes as security for home loans subprime market. this is pending market distortion from natural market playing.It is
Any government or market distorting influences will come for correction one day to bring to market equlibrium of money and commodity global funds accountings.
the markets have the capacity to self correction provided proper law enforcement institutional environment is existing at global level. In the absence of it the process of market correction and stabilisation produces political or further financial ripples some times aggravating the frictions than diffusing it.
It is not recession in old sense of soros nor Kaletsky.
s.lakshma reddy, hyderabad, india
"You could trust Soros who actually puts his money where his mouth is, or Kaletsky who.... well exactly. "
Soros's claim to fame was his breaking the bank of england with his bets. It is extremely rare that gamblers get it that right that often, and what happens is they get to believe their own hype and hubris sets in.
Soros will turn out to be wrong becasue his self-beliefe is too great. he will probably stay rich becasue he makes his money by trading the markets as they are, not by trying to outguess them 60 years in advance.
e live in interesting times
Neil Murphy, cromer,
China, with a massive (unstable) population, NEEDS to keep on producing. The Middle East NEEDS to keep on producing oil.
They need the West as much as (perhaps more than) the West needs them, Chinese manufactures are hardly beyond the wit of the West to make. They will give the West the money with which to buy their output. It is in no-one's interest for the USA to stop consuming. Soros' skill (if that what it is) is that of a gambler. He judges the pyschology of others in the short-term not social pressures in the medium to long-term.
This is not about numbers it is all about pyschology.
Eddie Reader, birmingham, england
Hey, just get some comodities - that's all...
Majorano man, Prague, CZ
You could trust Soros who actually puts his money where his mouth is, or Kaletsky who.... well exactly.
Tom, London,
"Businesses driven by the profit motive have a natural bias to try to create wealth, rather than destroy it â and they elect governments to support, rather than sabotage, this process."
So busimesses elect governments, Anatole? Do you know something the rest of us don't?
W S McMordie, Ipswich, UK
Who has proven themselves-Anatole Kaletsky or Soros?
No brainer answer.
mgrelton, hull, uk
"Businesses driven by the profit motive have a natural bias to try to create wealth, rather than destroy it â and they elect governments to support, rather than sabotage, this process."
Didn't you mean "businesses appoint governments"? They allow the rest of us to think we do the electing.
Edmund, Bristol, UK
George Soros...hmmm....currency trader ??!!!....George Soros ..Share owner of ...an American air carrier 'Jblue'..stock going for $4.99 a share...when it was up to $12.00 ashare...hmmm....nay, he chock-full-of-nuts....
Mr Tim, san marcos, U S of A /Ca
Anatole, it isn't the worst crisis in 60 years - yet.
Given the mess that easy credit has created, governments around the world have two choices: allow asset markets to deflate, liquidating bad debts/stupid lending as a clean-out - or inflate the currency, which will "ease" the pain of debts but cause all sorts of other pain via high inflation levels like the 1970s.
Neither are very pretty, but that's what you get for letting credit get out of control.
Adam, London, UK
Mr Soros has made billions presumably from his past predictions.
So do I follow his predictions or Mr Kaletsky's?
When a Financial Adviser calls to offer me advice I always want to ask the impertinent question, "How rich are you?"
Frederick Phillips, Melbourne, Australia
Anatole Kaletsky has been plugging this message for a while......the goldilocks economy, the credit crunch is over, debt fuelled consumption on the back of a boom in house prices, there is no chance of recesssion etc etc, as the world economic situtaion spirals ever downwards.
He has turned into the "Corporal Jones" of the financial press..."Don't panic, Don't panic"...
rick, london,
Hey everyone, chill out and buy some undervalued stocks.
Simon, McLean, Va, USA
since Mr Soros is the paymaster of the Democratic party, I would take anything he says with a grain of salt.
Jerry, seattle,
I agree, I'd say it's the worst crisis since the depression rather than the end of the last world war...
CWW, Suffolk, UK,