Andrew Sullivan
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In Mitt Romney’s carefully choreographed, partly self-financed and meticulously planned campaign for president, last week’s speech was premature. He always intended to give a speech at some point, addressing the fact of a Mormon running for president. But he assumed he’d give that speech after his nomination by the Republicans, pitching a general and uplifting message to all Americans about the need for religious liberty and pluralism.
The only reason he gave the speech last week is that he felt he had no choice. In Iowa, a critical state for his momentum-based candidacy, he was slipping into second place. The insurgent, Baptist minister Mike Huckabee, was subtly appealing to the overwhelmingly fundamentalist Christian voters of the Republican base. Hucka-bee ran a disgraceful ad touting himself as a “Christian leader”, “defined” by his faith. And the pool of votes Romney had been banking on began to shift rapidly away from him.
And so the speech itself, entitled Faith in America, had to be a little different. It was not in the end a call to American pluralism. It was a rallying cry to all believers to wrestle the public culture of the United States away from nonbelievers. It was a pitch designed to say that whatever doctrinal differences Mormons have with mainstream Christians, they are trivial compared with the war against secularism.
So we were told, rather baldly: “Freedom requires religion just as religion requires freedom . . . Freedom and religion endure together or perish alone.” Of course freedom and religion can go together. But freedom requires religion? There are many free, secular societies where this doesn’t seem an exhaustive explanation. And while freedom of conscience can indeed be defended by religious doctrine – just read your John Locke or Second Vatican Council – it has also in history been persecuted and repressed by religion. Why were Locke and the second council even necessary?
And then you noticed that Romney’s embrace of pluralism does not actually include atheists or agnostics or those with no faith at all. This was not a minor oversight. In fact those who want to preserve a secular hue to public debates were given no quarter: “It is as if they are intent on establishing a new religion in America – the religion of secularism. They are wrong.”
Romney, moreover, explicitly stated a core religious doctrine of his: “There is one fundamental question about which I often am asked. What do I believe about Jesus Christ? I believe that Jesus Christ is the son of God and the saviour of mankind.” If his point were to say that it is irrelevant what your religion is when you run for president, merely that you have a religion, then why this explicit statement? It tells his audience that he is not a Jew or a Muslim.
In his famous 1960 speech to the Houston ministers, John F Kennedy issued no such theological credo. And the explanation for Romney’s doing so is pretty simple: he wants the political benefit of being a Christian without the political cost of being a Mormon “Christian”. The speech was therefore a purely political manoeuvre, as is almost everything that comes out of Romney’s mouth. In order for a Mormon to win over the Christian right, he has to unite with them against a common foe: the religion of secularism.
To do that, he needs to have a broad public embrace of Christ, but not of the actual doctrines of his own church. Recall that Romney is not just a Mormon but has served as a bishop, and for nine years was a stake president – a position of considerable authority and power within his denomination. He knows the doctrines as well as anyone, but he will only explain that part of them that reassures the Christian right.
Will they be reassured? That remains to be seen. By touting active faith as the prerequisite for American public life, Romney appeals to those who see religion primarily as a benign force in American culture. He effectively says to the Christianist right: I’m with you on abortion (even though he long wasn’t), on gay rights (even though he once claimed he’d be more pro-gay in the Senate than Ted Kennedy) and in favour of appointing justices who would get out of the way of Christian majoritarianism. So forget about our theological differences. What matters is that someone believes in something and advances your political agenda.
Romney, it should be remembered, is not the first Mormon to run for president. That distinction is awarded to the founder of Mormonism himself, Joseph Smith Jr, who ran in 1844 on an abolitionist platform and in defence of the rights of religious minorities. Mormon political history has long been strongly secularist in this respect – because Mormons were once a sect brutally persecuted by majority Christians.
But in that campaign, Smith coined a term that strangely resonates today. “There is not a nation or a dynasty now occupying the earth which acknowledges almighty God as their lawgiver,” Smith told the Neighbor newspaper in Nauvoo, Illinois. “I go emphatically, virtuously and humanely, for a theodemocracy, where God and the people hold the power to conduct the affairs of men in righteousness.”
Theodemocracy: the blending of government with a universally Christian populace in which faith is the prerequisite of public office. This is the vision of America that Romney is proposing. He has behind him the power brokers of the Protestant right, the theocons of the Catholic right, the Mormon church and the vested interests of a Republican party elite that, in the wake of George W Bush, wants to extend the theodemocratic principles of an antisecular movement.
Romney has in front of him all those – believers and nonbelievers – who feel that too overt a religious identity in the public square is a dangerous tyranny of the majority, and the true believers whose faith is not instrumental to anything but itself.
And that’s why, in my view, what Romney represents is not quite as benign as he makes it out to be. I would have had no qualms in supporting a Mormon for the presidency, as long as he vows to represent people of all faiths and none. But Romney decided against that. That matters. It is veiling intolerance under the guise of tolerance.
Nonbelief is rooted in the same freedom of conscience as belief. In fact they are inseparable. Freedom of religion must mean the right to come to the conclusion that there is no God at all. By eliding that critical piece of American mosaic, Romney revealed that he isn’t actually a pluralist. He is the anointed son of the organised religious right. And his own religion is still irritatingly in the way.

Andrew Sullivan is an author, academic and journalist. He holds a PhD from Harvard in political science, and is a former editor of The New Republic. His 1995 book, Virtually Normal: An Argument About Homosexuality, became one of the best-selling books on gay rights. He has been a regular columnist for The Sunday Times since the 1990s, and also writes for Time and other publications.
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On page three of Mr. Romney's speech: "A person should not be elected because of his faith nor should he be rejected because of his faith." Then on page four: "I believe Jesus Christ it the Son of God and the Savior of mankind."
In other words, there shouldn't be a religious test for president, but, just in case, here's my score.
Chris Hess, Lexington, Massachusetts
There are so many lies out there about the Mormon Church. The real name is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Christ is the center of the religion. Mitt Romney's religion is of no matter in this election. He is simply the best person for the job and we must do whatever we can do to prevent Clinton from winning. She will destroy the USA if she gets in. Romney's religion should be a non-issue. We should be looking at the bigger picture. He is a moral, upstanding guy with a great track record. How nice it would be to have someone with morals in the White House!
Dawn, Windsor, Pennsylvania USA
You don't need religion (or to be religious) to have morals - and sometimes religion can be a source of immorality (such as persecuting people who offend the religious).
Give me secularism and atheism any day.
Huw Sayer, Norwich, England
And I thought he was just addressing the question he was asked. What do you believe about Jesus Christ?
Who knew that a belief Jesus Christ would turn you into a person that would not "represent people of all faiths and none."
Who's Twisting Who?
Boyd, APO AE, USA
OH NO, JOHN ROBERTS, NOT SECULAR HUMANISM!
It's sad that to hold public office in this country you have to have an imaginary friend in the sky, or at least pretend to.
Garrett, Raleigh, North Carolina
The question he answerwed was "what his belief in Jesus Christ was" he didnt say anything about other peoples religion.
You are manipulating the truth to suit your ill informed reporting not unusual these days for press or politician.
I also would say" i believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God and our Saviour" if asked but that doesnt mean i am intolerant of other faiths or denominations and neither was he.
paul anthony, johannesburg, south africa
In these dangerous times, what we need most in a president is a hand-on manager. And the level of the current debates doesn't allow us to see. I am an atheist and i really don't care whether the next president admits me in his club - as long as he does his job. And I assume any of them will do a better job than the current most hand-off president in modern history has been doing.
val lyubarsky, brooklyn, ny
"Andrew Sullivan's twisted idea of freedom : secular humanism."
Could John Roberts of San Diego please direct us to 'secular humanism's' catalogue of murderous crusades and inquisitions, witch-burnings, anti-semitic pogroms, list of banned books, indulgences, suicide bombings, beheadings, amputations, stonings, violent exorcisms, imprisonments and other loss or restriction of liberties and so on, all perpetrated in its name?
rgray, Edinburgh, Scotland
I think it's sad, but not surprising, that Romney would pull the quote from John Adams, but not from, say, James Madison, who is arguably THE Founding Father, since he wrote the Virginia Plan that eventually became the US Constitution at the Convention in 1789. But then, Madison was a strong advocate of church and state separation and the lack of a need for religion to justify government; he fought with Jefferson to dis-establish the Church of England in Virginia, and fought against Patrick Henry, who wanted to bestow tax dollars on churches.
Nothing Romney does surprises me, not least his cowardly "speech" given in front of supporters. Kennedy at least had the balls to give a speech to people who despised and mistrusted him because of his Catholicism, and then had the courage to argue for separation of Church and State in front of them while fielding hostile questions. Romney, of course, could never do that; that might actually force him to offend someone, or reveal himself.
Brett Iddison, Salt Lake City, UT USA
Just remember, we are as free as we allow ourselves to be. Let's not worry if we don't have permission from the christianist right to think freely. Freedom is something we claim, not something given or withheld by those mediocre individuals who lie chasing illusions of power.
Kevin, Chittenden, VT
I dissent. I hope wholeheartedly that Republicans continue to force government-endorsed religion into the public square, regardless of its illegality. Teach creationism alongside evolution in our public schools. In fact, teach Christianity as gospel. Only then will our country reach the same degree of enlightenment as England, where the teaching of religion as truth is mandated by the Queen, who is the head of the Church. Only then will we see in the United States the empty cathedrals Mr. Romney so eloquently laments. One can only hope--and pray.
Joey, Gainesville, Florida
The assertion here, that Romney was intentionally excluding nonbelievers from moral American culture, has been widely discussed and widely dismissed. Thank you, Andrew, for documenting that the consensus is in denial.
kynefski, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, USA
With approximately 40% of the population of the U.S. still living in a biblical fantasyland where a god created in our image is credited with creating the universe in six days, and Darwinism is dismissed with the same flawed arguments Darwin himself countered long ago, people hoping for a meaningful shift in America away from religious silliness should avoid holding their breath. Sadly, the US has largely abandoned intellectual rigor in the field of national political discourse on any topic where fundamentalist religious types insist on inserting their snouts. For a laugh, pick of a copy of Mark Twain's "Letters From the Earth." Included in this book are a selection of letters purportedly written by Satan about a visit to the Earth. The letter where the Ark turns back on the third day afloat in order to pick up a missing fly (the blessed carrier of the Typhoid germ) is worth the purchase price. Twain's delightfully satirical essay "Was the World Made for Man?" is also in the book.
Don, West Hartford, USA / Connecticut
As an American Atheist I am embarassed that this discussion is so dominant in the American political discourse. The reilgious right are banded together by bigotry, fear and ignorance of atheists and agnostics. It would be laughable if it werern't so depressing. Until now I felt sorry for Mitt at the hands of the evangelicals, now only revulsion.
Tom Clark, Scappoose, OR
It sometimes seems that the US is teetering on the brink of becoming a religious state. Witness the succession of bitter court cases over the insanity of creation / intelligent design being taught as science - or even being taught at all. Certainly it seems impossible for an atheist to be elected president ??? Perhaps the constitution gives too prominent a place to religion, too much protection to religion, in spite of trying to be evenhanded. It was, after all, written by people who were themselves religious, at a time when religions ruled.
Hopefully, the US will maintain and preserve the separation of church and state, but it looks like being a long hard struggle.
Mike, Sydney, Australia
What would Jefferson have said?
Oliver, London,
Andrew Sullivan's twisted idea of freedom : secular humanism.
John Roberts, San Diego, California
Wasn't Romney quoting John Adams when he said that the Constitution was meant to serve a religious people? If this is true, then our freedom depends upon the morality that religion provides. But I'm sure Andrew Sullivan knows more than John Adams right?
Jason, Detroit, Michigan
What could any politician say that would not raise the ire of some group or groups. The reality is the that what Romney said gives deep insights into his beliefs. I think that is why his speech has been such a widely discussed topic. I find nothing cynical or disingenuous in what Mitt had to say. In a funny way it is the
"Osmond " factor in his personality that people don't like. Our culture will forgive a philanderer like Bill Clinton, but they have a hard time with people that seem too good. It is a funny mirror of our strange life and times (no pun intended). You Mr. Sullivan have shown that eloquently.
mark Fishler, heber , utah