Anjana Ahuja: Science Notebook
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Philip Zimbardo used to be one of my heroes, but no longer. The psychologist dreamt up the Stanford Prison experiment, in which 24 male students were randomly assigned roles as either captive or guard in a mock prison. Guards were given uniforms and power; prisoners were stripped of their names and privileges, and were ordered to remain largely silent. The nightly toilet run saw the prisoners blindfolded and shackled together before being marched to the bathroom.
The experiment, in 1971, was stopped after just six days because the guards had become sadists and the prisoners depressives. Remember, they all started off as nice, normal college kids. The experiment became a totem of a thing called “situational” evil: good people, when put into bad situations, could become brutes. It has furnished an explanation — but not exoneration — for atrocities ranging from the Holocaust to Abu Ghraib (Professor Zimbardo appeared as a defence witness at the trial of a soldier charged with torture at the Iraqi prison).
I had always assumed it was Professor Zimbardo who called time. In fact, it was a young psychologist called Christina Maslach. Professor Zimbardo, who had just started dating Dr Maslach, had invited her over to impress her. Instead, after witnessing the toilet run, she fled in horror, telling Professor Zimbardo she no longer wanted to know him. The experiment, she said, had dehumanised its instigator as well as its participants.
So, Professor Zimbardo stopped the experiment because he risked losing the woman he loved. He calls Dr Maslach a hero for challenging the wisdom that the experiment was a justifiable study of human nature. And it is has led him, he tells the Edge website (www.edge.org), to consider the flip side of evil: the psychology of heroism.
Just as some people can be made to grow horns, others grow haloes. Yet, so little is known about heroes, other than that they often say, in the face of mountainous evidence to the contrary, that they didn’t do anything special. Do heroes ever contemplate the risks? Or do they consider them and then override them? Such basic research, Professor Zimbardo says, has never been conducted but should be, ideally in the immediate aftermath of a heroic act.
We must also cultivate a different heroic imagination in the young. Dangerously, children grow up believing that heroism is the preserve of the legendary rather than the ordinary: Achilles or Superman. He says: “The secondary consequence is for us to say, ‘I could never be that . . . or bear such a burden’. I think, on the other hand, we each could say, ‘I could do what Christina Maslach did’.” Indeed: we need heroes who will stop another Enron, another Abu Ghraib, another questionable psychology experiment.
By the way, Professor Zimbardo and the now Professor Maslach celebrate their 35th wedding anniversary this year.

Anjana Ahuja joined The Times in 1994, and writes for times2 and the comment pages. In her Science Notebook she writes about science, medicine and technology, and their impact on society. She holds a PhD in space physics from Imperial College, London. She is currently on maternity leave.
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If you define what happened at Abu Ghraib as an "atrocity", you demean the word. American soldiers play-acting at torture is NOT the same as Saddam's goons running electric drills through prisoner's feet and hands, suicide bombers walking into Isreali pizza parlours, and journalists getting their heads sawed off by you-know-who...now that is ATROCITY for you.
Wes Turner, Sacramento, California USA
Hero, villain or labels implying acts of extraordinary behavior or acts replusive to reasonable people. It is about behavior, intentional or not, that labels are ascribed, legends born, dreams, imagination and fantasy created. But is it not about about something much deeper, something more human in spirit or soul... that in a given moment, circumstance or situation, an ordinary person can do the extraordinary or unbelievable whether heroic or villainous? Generally, do not most people know when they have done something 'rightgeous/evil', good/bad, right/wrong? A label is as dangerous as a two-edge sword, and is liberating as well as confining ~ In my opinion, the moral compass will define if we have more or less heroes and villains.
Michael, Vista, California, USA
Heroism is the opposite of the mental poverty that is the spoonfed cultural conditioning of the existing paradigm.
The potential to overcome starvation, the energy crisis, cleaning up pollution is all there but the collective heroism that is needed is undermined by the poverty of vision prison that dominates our media. Cho meditating everyday on anger and his own mental poverty of selfish me me me is a reflection of this lack of inspiration permeating what should be highly charged up challenged students with a mission. No vision in video games, no vision in most movies, lack of compassion in song lyrics..
Collective heroism could solve world hunger in a few years, build huge aircraft size ships that clean ocean pollution, create alternative energies etc .. However the current corporate paradigm keeps chaos, keeps people trapped in mental poverty, wants them depressed and buying pharmaceuticals. because if a climate of collective heroism grows we transcend the cultural mind traps.
jim, Santa Cruz, Ca USA
Most heroes know all about the ordinary people, as they have had to save them in many situations, mostly of minor significance, and also know it is impossible for the ordinary to be a hero. Rather than embarrass those that cannot, they choose (subconsciously or consciously) to state their actions as normal or inconsequential. Normal and relatively inconsequential for them, impossible for the ordinary.
Karl Boettcher, Apple Valley, California
Unfortunately the word 'hero' is much overused. Currently, if you play football, particularly for one of the bigger clubs, all you have to do to be a hero is score a goal, preferably a equalizer. You can 'heroically' do no more than watch something else happen in your vicinity, without joining in in any way. There is probably proper heroic actions taking place in Iraq and Afghanistan on a daily basis, unfortunately these are unpopular situations and we don't get to hear about it (and I don't include the Navy/Marine hostages in this, they did nothing heroic).
David Leslie, Perth, Scotland
Have just started reading a book called "The Righteous among Nations" those gentiles in WWII who also saw the brutalism that was going around them and tried to help the Jews at great risk to themselves and their family. Its proved fascinating in seeing that these people came from all walks of life and backgrounds. But they all had the same motivation that they wouldnt just stand by. Real heros considering the odds and the situations they were in at the time.
P. Bentley, aberdeen, UK
At the risk of teaching English to the English, Webster's has 'heroic' as 'supremely self-sacrificing', while 'decent' is defined as 'marked by moral integrity; fairly good'--ya might recall the adage/tongue twister 'a decent docent doesn't doze'. Perhaps we could all be heroes to each other. Re Zimbardo's thoughtful question, 'do heroes ever contemplate the risks', I checked, and yes, they do.
glen broemer, los angeles, ca
A very informative write up which delves deep into the realms of our human behaviour, its psyche and its subtle nuances. It exposes the underlying facts as to how we behave or react under the stress or influence of situations or happenings. Such mock or simulated situational experiments, as conducted by Dr. Zambardo, more famously known as "Stanford Prison Experiment" , shows that our mind behaves differently under different situations.
Prior ot this experiement by Dr. Zimbardo, most psychologists believed that our human behaviour is more a "person-centric", with attributes like genes, temperaments, personality traits, social and family virtues forming the ingredients of it. Stanford Prison experiment in contrast, focuses on "situation-centric" approach , with external factors like milieu, or ambience , peer groups and level of stress and role playing areas , decides how a person behaves. Be it normal, abnormal or eccentric.They bring out the brutal truth and are eye openers.
Sanjeev Dheer, New Delhi, India
Being a kid of '77 i grew up with a lot of heroes. I thankfully had a good mother who read me fairy tales and got me started on my love of myths and legends. I would never consider myself a hero in those terms as i dont have magical swords , speak to the gods etc. But those things are just metaphors. I believe the idea of heroes is too inspire , to give hope and help parents teach right from wrong.
When kids play at been heroes it just reinforces the ideas i know it did for me. One thing said about why the superhero movies have done so well at the box office is because there had been for many years a drought of big heroes. I have even heard a child comment on another childs bad behaviour 'thats not what spiderman would do' If thats not influencing in a postive way i dont know what is .
R.Hempel, Harrow,