David Smith
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Is this the worst housing recession of modern times? In the past year, mortgage approvals have plunged by two-thirds while house prices, according to Nationwide and Halifax, have recorded double-figure percentage falls since last summer.
How does this compare with the peacetime housing slumps in the 1930s, the 1970s and the early 1990s?
Government figures, which go back to 1930, suggest house prices fell by 10% in 1932, during the Great Depression, and continued dropping for a couple more years, for a fall of 15% in all. For most people, however, this was irrelevant — levels of owner-occupation were much lower and all prices were falling. Mass unemployment was a far greater concern. However, the 1930s did pave the way for mass home ownership. Many suburban developments, street upon street of three-bed semis, date from later in that decade.
The two big recessions of the 1970s and early 1980s saw housing suffer, though because of high general inflation the effect was disguised. So prices fell in “real”, inflation-adjusted terms but not in cash terms.
House-price inflation, which reached 42% during the Barber boom at the end of 1972, dropped to 4.5% two years later. In the spring of 1975 house prices were rising at 7% while inflation in the rest of the economy was running at 26%, implying a sharp drop in real terms.
There was a similar development in the deep 1980-1 recession, soon after Margaret Thatcher became prime minister. Then house prices were rising at an annual rate of nearly 32%. Two years later, house-price inflation dropped to just 1%, at a time when inflation generally was running at 12%.
Nationwide estimates that “real” house prices fell by a fifth between 1975-7 and by a similar amount between 1979-82.
Until the past year, the only post-war example of a sustained and substantial fall in actual, rather than real house prices was in the early 1990s. Nationwide recorded the biggest fall, with prices dropping by just over 20%, against 13% according to the Halifax.
When inflation is taken into account, the drop was even more pronounced. From peak to trough, Nationwide’s index fell by a staggering 37% in real terms. In cash terms it took until 1998 before prices got back to their 1989 peak. In real terms it took until 2002.
So how does the present episode compare? The slump in activity, measured by the drop in mortgage approvals and the plunge in sales for new houses, has been sharper than in any downturn in the post-war period. In the early 1990s, for example, mortgage approvals dropped by a similar amount, but it took four years for them to do so.
Nationwide’s report last week of a 10.5% drop in prices over the past year represented the biggest drop since 1990, though with inflation lower the fall in real terms was smaller. Other measures take a different view, with Hometrack down 5.3% and some indexes yet to show significant annual price falls.
The speed and severity of the downturn has taken everybody by surprise. It remains to be seen whether it will be a record-breaking slump. Two things have to happen to halt the slide — an easing of the credit crunch and a recovery in confidence. Neither is on the immediate horizon, though mortgage rates have edged lower.
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@A Harris:
The median annualized income of all employees, based on the median weekly wage, is £19,500. A multiple of 3.5x - the UPPER end of affordability - would be £68,500.
This market has to crash and crash HARD.
Mike, Reading, UK
David, a large number of 'men in the street' who profess to have no greater understanding of economics, other than the fact that things move in cycles, are showing a distinct lack of shock at these events. If I did my job as poorly as the majority of 'economists' I would have been sacked long ago.
Anthony Squires, London, UK
No surprise at all. Many people could see the fall coming, we were just speculating on the trigger which would start it. It was obvious that housing has become so expensive it was simply unsustainable to new entrants. The boom was sustained by the BTL parasites, briefly.
expect circa 50%!
Fred, Yorkshire,
Not only did many people see this coming, they discussed it openly on the forums dedicated to the subject. As many people also suggest, this is only just the start.
Adrian, orkney, UK
Yes this was a real surprise to me. Banks offering mortgages above 3.5 times earnings cannot go wrong. I hope both yours and Ms Ashworth's conscience is clear if any first time buyers followed your financially inept advice in the last 4 years.
andrew, Exeter, UK
"If you believe that a big, 10%-15% fall in house prices (which I don't expect) would take us back to the negative equity of the early 1990s, and leave banks with dodgy mortgage books, fine, but it is not true. " David Smith December 2007
Dr Ray, Hereford, UK
David Smith appears to live in a different world from me. The current housing bust was completely predictable. If house prices rise 200% in a decade when earnings only rise about 40% it's obvious that a bust is coming.
No that it's here lets rejoice as sanity returns to the markets.
Ian, Cambridge, UK
What do you think you should say to the first time homebuyer readers who listened to your advice over the last two years and did not to listen to us the 'doom mongers'.
They are now sitting in negative equity with a mortgage of 5/6 times earnings,thats if they keep their job.
marcus, ipswich, UK
David, why should anyone listen to you? For years you've been trying to convince the gullible that there was no housing bubble. You're now trying to re trace your steps. Speak for yourself. The smart money knew this was bound to happen. There should be a health warning attached to your column.
keith, london, uk
It's hard to believe this headline, when it was obvious that Britain had to follow the US, both in artificially prolonged boom (sustained by ballooning consumer debt) and overdue bust. How could house prices be sustained at a level where few new buyers could truly afford them?
Peter, Salisbury, England
Well that's a new definition of Everybody. Apparently it now means a Small Minority of Journalists Who Believe Govt Press Releases.
Anthony, Kew, UK
The speed and severity of downturn took me by surprise.
I was expecting it to fall over much sooner!
After years of ramping Gordonomics "end of boom and bust"
It turns out that only one word was wrong, and we got a standard "end of boom with bust".
Plus ca change, plus ce la meme chose...
Pat, Coromandel, NZ
What suprise? Plenty predicted this David, you just chose to ignore them.
Lenny, Coventry,
Look at the Nationwide chart of real prices over the last 30 years and the severity of this downturn is no surprise. The 2000-2007 boom looks like Mnt Everest compared to Ben Nevis (the last crash)
Extrapolating the long-term trend suggests a market bottom of < £100,000. This is only the start.
A Harris, Kettering, UK
Please, Mr Smith speak for yourself. Remember your blue sky economic forecasts, insistence on sound economic fundamentals and barbs at doomers and gloomers from the dark corners of the internet? Looks like trees don't grow to the sky after all, David.
anthony, london, england
The housing market has significantly overshot by the availabiliy of no-deposit 5X salary and 'liar morgages'. Its clear with the impositionof new rules and 10 to 20% deposit and 3X salary proven multiples it wil significantly undershoot. further 25% or 40% fall? its anyones guess.
john joseph, oxfprd, uk
The house price bubble was a typical pyramid scheme. It works as long as new people finance it with new money, often first-time buyers desperate to get on the housing ladder. However, for many that money will turn into negative equity, and that will keep off new potential victims for years to come.
Peter, Liverpool, UK