Ben Macintyre
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The canal was once a dank and dreary place. A grim eyesore, its towpath overgrown and its walls crumbling, the canal smelt of danger and decay: a place just beneath the surface of the land where tramps went to drink, rapists stalked and the ribcages of drowned supermarket trolleys poked out of the rusty water.
Britain’s latticework of canals stood as an epitaph to the ruthless march of technology. Once the pride of British engineering, the abandoned or neglected waterways seemed to mock the extraordinary human effort that went into their construction. In the 1960s there were calls to drain and fill the canal system, already shrunk to half its size. A few boaters, anglers and walkers continued to use them for recreation, but by the mid1990s the Victorian canals, the industrial arteries of empire, were clogged and dying.
But the canals did not die. Instead, over the past decade, life has flowed back through Britain’s man-made waterways. The reasons for the renaissance are many: nostalgia, the housing boom, pressure on roads and recreational spaces and an urge to rediscover life at a slower pace. But the reviving elixir that coursed through these old arteries was essentially financial: grants from government, the lottery and the EU, expertly managed by British Waterways, the publicly funded, government-run body responsible for guardianship of the canals.
The revival of the canal network represents both a commercial and a cultural triumph. Last year 29,000 boats passed through the canals, many more than in their Victorian heyday. Hundreds of miles of canal have been restored and, for the first time in 150 years, new canals are being dug. Last year, the 2,400-mile canal system received an astonishing 300 million visits: what was once a relic and an eyesore has become, once again, a prized national asset.
Half the British population lives within five miles of a navigable river or canal (Birmingham has more miles of canal than Venice), and many would like to live closer still. It is estimated that a canal adds up to 25 per cent to the value of nearby properties, and British Waterways has entered into lucrative joint ventures to build homes and pubs along the canalside.
British Waterways is the third most important guardian of our heritage, after the Church and the National Trust, with responsibility for 3,000 listed buildings, 42 scheduled ancient monuments, five World Heritage sites, eight battlefields, 600 miles of hedgerow and 1,000 wildlife conservation sites. For the most part it has proved a canny custodian, using its profits and grants to encourage limited development and tackle the vast maintenance backlog, a legacy of shameful government underfunding in the 1970s and 1980s.
Yet at the very moment when Britain’s canal system is entering a second golden age, there are suggestions that it could be broken up, sold off or even privatised entirely. Defra has already reduced funding for British Waterways to try to make good the deficit left by the mishandling of the revamped farm subsidy payments: last year’s grant to the canals was £7 million lower than anticipated, at £55 million, and this year the sum is likely to be slashed by another £7 million. As a consequence, British Waterways has cut spending on infrastructure and made 180 people redundant.
The growth of the railways destroyed canal freight traffic in the 19th century. Today the spectre of Railtrack hangs darkly over the canals. Defra insists that privatisation is not current government policy, but a wideranging review of funding for inland waterways will specifically include an option to sell off the canals. Defra talks of giving the canals authority “greater commercial freedoms”. In practice that means reducing grant aid and encouraging more intensive commercial exploitation of the canals.
The canal system, created through engineering ingenuity and navvy muscle, has become, over the past few years, a vast interconnected national park, accessible to all, for a rich variety of uses and hobbies. It should be treated and protected as a public asset, not simply as a paying business.
British Waterways has proved adept at realising commercial opportunities without destroying the essence of the canals: a notable example being a deal with Easynet to lay fibreoptic cables along towpaths. In ten years, it has become steadily more self-sufficient, reducing the proportion of its income from grants.
The expense of road transportation and associated pollution may even herald a limited return to canal haulage: a barge uses one quarter of the energy of a lorry to move the same load (albeit a lot more slowly), and the total costs of road transportation, in terms of accidents, congestion and emissions, are seven times higher than moving goods by inland waterway. The building materials for the Olympics site in the Lea Valley could easily be transported via the network of waterways linking the Thames with East London.
The remarkable regeneration of Britain’s inland waterways risks being undermined by the cuts and the demand to make the network pay its way. The canal system almost perished and remains vulnerable. The great age of canal commerce lasted only 60 years, and a century and half ago they were already being condemned as obsolete.
The survival and revival of the canal is a reflection of its enduring place in British culture: a strange admixture of commerce and pleasure, history and modern development, back-breaking labour and reflective leisure. Canals always mattered more than the money they made.
In an age of dirt and speed, the canal is not only a vital artefact, but a form of therapy. Puttering along a man-made ditch seems a peculiar form of relaxation, but once one has seen Britain passing slowly and serenely at eye level, it is impossible to see it in the same way again.
Ben Macintyre is Writer at Large for The Times and contributes a regular Friday column. His earlier roles at The Times include being editor of the Weekend Review, parliamentary sketchwriter and bureau chief in Washington and Paris. He has also published a number of historical non-fiction books
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The canals are not just vital as a wildlife haven and water grid, but provides millions of people with recreational opportunities in the addition to the worthwhile jobs it provides.
Splitting up would not be a wise move because to coordinate all of the functions it performs requires joined up thinking across all of the regions.
In addition, the new super efficient solar cells that have just been developed could be used to provide motive for for satellite guided cargo boats of the future
Dee Ryder-Barratt, Chester,
What price the words of John Prescott in his Foreword to 'Waterways Tomorrow'? A Charter for the country's waterways (published 27.06.00) recognising them for their heritage value and leisure facility, and acknowledging them as a priceless asset. (see :-www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/iw/tomorrow/foreword.htm)
Neither he nor we should forget that it was Harold Wilson's Labour Government (through the late Barbara Castle - then Min of Trans) that ensured the survival of the canals. Under the direction of Sir Frank Price, Chairman of BWB at that time, British Waterways alongwith the sterling assistance of amateur enthusiats improved the canals to the position we have today. For goodness sake, let us keep things going along that way.
Chris Bennett, Carmarthen, Wales
For heavens sake don't let the govt privatise the canal system. Are they capable of resisting the temptation for a short term cash boost though?
Maybe we could fire 100 MPs (to reflect their ever more diluted powers) and put the money to good use in the canals? Or divert 10% of the London Olympic's cost (and use Wembley instead) and revolutionise the canal network for the entire UK?
Or are the above suggestions too radical for old New Lab?
paul, sheffield, uk
The part that angers me is that £55m is already a pathetically small figure for the thousands of miles of canal and associated land that is upkept when compared to figures of £10bn+ that can be wasted on a late, overbudget NHS IT project for example.
Perhaps Nu Labour should think about saving money on consultants (by thinking for themselves) and use this money on the canals. The canal network should be regarded as a national treasure that gives opportunity to walk, cycle, boat or just sit and relax. Not only that, but canals are available to anyone who wants them.
We keep on about getting more exercise, yet the Govt. close swimming pools, build over green spaces and now want to privatise our canals?
David, wolverhampton, West Midlands
A narrow-boat trip is unique. The superb job done in revitalizing the canals is an example for any government agency looking for an example of "How To." The idea that, having done such a great job, some twit will tinker with a truly succesful program is dimwitted. Some of my most delightful memories are of a trip on the Oxford Canal. Hey--it's working...don't fix it!
Jan G. Rogers, Havana, Florida, USA
In an age when personal stress is at an all-time high, the canal system has a huge role to play in helping to promote the physical and mental wellfare of our citizens. Let us take a leaf out of France's book, where the Government is committed to maintaining AND IMPROVING the canal system. Example - the fantastic new cycle track tow-path that runs the entire length of the Canal Garonne, in south-west France. We ourselves live and work on this canal, and it is so good to see people of all ages taking healthy exercise and pleasure form the new facility.
Alasdair Wyllie, Montech, France
If you would like to see what can happen when you embrace a canal system, come to Canada and visit the Trent-Severn and Rideau Canal systems. Built to allow ships from the interior of Canada to reach the Atlantic without passing American shores, this relic is now a major tourist attraction that provides much needed revenue to rural areas.
Scott Loveland, Toronto, Canada
In the 'drought' last summer, somebody suggested using the canal network as a method for moving water from the north & west of England with its high levels of rainfall to the water-lacking south east. This method has been used for centuries in Morrocco to feed Marrakesh with water from the mountain region. The government now plans to practically pave over the south east region with no provision made for the extra demands for water resources, and yet when this seemingly sensible suggestion was put forward last summer, it was dismissed as 'ridiculous' by a minister. Why? The north will not be lacking as a result.
Common sense & politicians are far removed.
vb, London,
Job redundancies at Defra, not the body that has governed our canal system, is the way to go. I believe that within 20 years the vast majority of the canal system could (and should) become ribbons of "national parks" criss-crossing what's left of our countryside (assuming it's not all concereted over by then). Good article and I hope this subject gets the public attention it deserves before it's too late.
Dr Andy Wilkinson, Ely, Cambridgeshire
I remember a picture of the canal over a large revine with stream...water over water(Smithsoniam magazine, I think). The picture is SO british....I can't afford to travel, but, a canal trip is on the list first if I ever can. I hope they are there to do it.
g saffell, canyon lake, texas, usa
The unique feature of the inland waterway system is that (with the exception of locks) the means of transport is on the level.
The significance of that, as we enter an age when energy for other transportation systems is becoming more expensive, is that Human Powered Vehicles deliver optimum performance on the level. A cyclist on level ground travelling at 10-12 mph uses only about 60 watts of power. At higher speeds air resistance increases the amount of energy required, as does an opposing wind.
Canal towpaths in many cases could be widened to provide cheap and safe cycleways suitable for longer distance travel. It might even one day be cost effective to reduce wind or air resistance by partial glass coverage.
Opportunity to use many disused railway tracks for cycle ways in urban areas has been lost to overbuilding.
The potential of inland waterways for cheap and efficient travel as well as transport of goods should not be lost.
dr venables preller, Warminster, UK
A good friend has come over from Norway for a holiday. The big draw being a canal boat trip in the Surrey countryside. It is seen from abroad as a very British and pleasing thing. The clean up of our waterways has been a great success and a model we should take elsewhere in our country.
Jack, East Horsley, Surrey
Commercialise the canals and they are lost. We need to maintain the way it is run now - for the pleasure of eveyone.
The funds for British Waterways should not be at the whim of a badly performing body like Defra.
David Thijm, Stourbridge, UK
Canals could also supply the whole of thirsty London's water requirement from the rain-soaked North. The slowest of flows would be enough to transport the water. They are broader than any possible pipeline, and they are already built.
Joseph Bruno, London,
DEFRA are famous ( or should that be notorious) for their inabilty to organise a pay out in a rural agency. This incompetence has now spilt over into knee jerk budget cuts driven by civil servants who count but don't grow beans. The waterways of Britain are part of our natural heritage and as such should be adminstered by the National Trust.
Bob Robinson, Tarleton PRESTON, United Kingdom
Feats of engineering such as the canals (not to mention the backbreaking contribution of many thousands of workers) were a part of helping to make Britain great, and (despite the predictable and depressing cynicism against the UK these days) for it to still be the great country it is now.
For us as a nation to fail to recognise the importance of maintaining it's rich heritage properly is a truly sad state of affairs.
Wake up!
David, Aylesbury, UK
Like in Britain, the waterway network (both natural and manmade) in Belgium was considered obsolete only a decade ago. Today both the Fleish and Wallon regional governments have put prammes in palce to revive them. Both grants and investments are allocated to divert traffic from the road to the canal network and more and more distribution centres are set up at the junction of canals, railways and motor wayd. I would suggest British Waterways to come over and see for isself.
Marcel Schoeters, Antwerp, Belgium
I used to cycle from east london to the west end via the canals and the along the Thames, they are beautiful, peaceful and simply a delight to behold.
And the journey was only five minutes longer than taking the tube!
The very notion of selling off every bit of spare land to the highest bid is truly scandalous.
Jason Scrutton, London,
Perhaps this is finally the point to make a stand against selling public goods and services to profit making organisations. In a civilised country, transport, education, utilities etc should be operated for the benefit of all, not a matter of private profit. I hope we will all get a chance to join a protest against this proposal.
Anne Gray, Bridport,
This Government's approach to the Canal system shows that all they are interested in is short time cash generation to waste on white elephants and total lack of interest in real developments. The canals could have taken massive amounts of freight off the roads but this government is too short sighted to see the potentional there.
David Evans, Rotherham, South Yorkshire
The canals should not be sold off. They should be kept under British Waterways as they are the best people to manage them sympathetically. They are a wonderful asset. Walking along the towpaths is a joy. Away from thundering traffic there is peace and tranquility and always plenty of interesting things to see, whether in town or country. I hope there will be a massive protest against these plans which will destroy a wonderful NATIONAL asset.Thank-you Ben Macintyre for highlighting this. Keep up the good work.
A A, Banbury,
The canals have a great BRITISH history, they are a marvellous asset with a great future. The government should not be allowed to get away with treating them in the same cavalier way they have treated pension schemes.
Roger Sykes, Christchurch, New Zealand