Ben Macintyre
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More than half a century ago an African was arrested by Kenya's colonial police; he was imprisoned, tortured, and finally released two years later, a broken man. Such episodes were grimly common during the Mau Mau rebellion against British rule in Kenya, yet this sharp little shard of history has now poked above the surface again, as the story of Barack Obama's grandfather.
This is more than simply another fascinating element in Mr Obama's already colourful story. No president of modern times is so steeped in history, both America's history and his own family narrative. The past, and where he came from - Hawaii, Indonesia, Kenya, Chicago - is how Mr Obama has chosen to define himself to the American electorate.
But the story of his grandfather's treatment at the hands of the British illustrates how little we, as a country, yet know about Mr Obama's view of Britain, and the extent to which those attitudes are likely to be filtered through the prism of the past.
Recent presidents have come to office wearing the special relationship on their sleeves. George W. Bush's Anglophilia was of a familiar Republican sort, based on the belief, inherited from a father who had fought alongside the British in the war, that when the chips are down only one ally can be firmly relied on. Churchill's bust stared out from the corner of the Oval Office. When I interviewed Mr Bush, he spoke for ten, eloquent minutes about the beauty of the Scottish landscape.
Bill Clinton's affection for Britain was equally profound, though less emotional, reinforced by his time as a Rhodes scholar in Oxford. He could speak the language of Third Way Blairism without a trace of an accent. When Ronald Reagan told Parliament in 1982 that he felt “a moment of kinship and homecoming in these hallowed halls”, he spoke for most postwar presidents, and most Americans.
Mr Obama's relationship with Britain will also be special, but perhaps not in the ways we have come to expect. “We've been through two world wars together,” he said, on his brief visit to Britain last July - the required historical mantra. That heritage, however, may be less personally relevant than another war fought in the jungles of Kenya, in which Britain was not an ally of Mr Obama's family, but an enemy.
The experience of a grandfather he never knew, long before he was born, will not provoke some knee-jerk anti-British attitude on the part of the new president. Mr Obama is too supple a politician for that. Yet international relationships are based on emotions as well as politics, and the set of preconceptions about Britain that Mr Obama brings to the White House will be far removed from those we have become used to over the Past half-century.
Mr Obama's diplomatic remarks about Britain have been pallid and tactful; it is the more unguarded corners of his writing that offer revealing flickers of another attitude. In his memoir Dreams from My Father Obama devotes just six words to describing his first visit to Britain: “I took tea by the Thames.” The British passengers on the plane wear “ill-fitting blazers”; the one sitting next to him, an acne-ridden Mancunian, he finds aggravatingly superior, referring to the “Godforsaken countries” of Africa.
On safari in Kenya, he talks to an English doctor with “pasty blond hair” who has quit Britain to live in Africa. “England seems terribly cramped,” the man says. “The British have so much more, but seem to enjoy it less.”
These are small indications, but together they begin to form a caricature: Britain ill-dressed, pasty-faced and racially arrogant, cramped, spotty and joyless. In one of the most revealing passages, Mr Obama describes how travelling in Europe makes him feel “edgy, defensive, hesitant”. “It wasn't that Europe wasn't beautiful,” he writes. “It just wasn't mine.” So far from coming home to Britain, like Reagan, Mr Obama has described just how far from home he feels here.
Later, in Kenya, riding the imperial-era railway, he imagines “some nameless British officer”, puffed with colonial hubris: “Would he have felt a sense of triumph, a confidence that the guiding light of Western civilisation had finally penetrated the African darkness?” He squirms at the African waiters' cringing attitude towards whites in the Nairobi hotels, and mocks the tourists pretending to be characters in some imagined re-creation of Out of Africa.
The discovery that Mr Obama's grandfather was active in opposing colonial rule, and brutally treated as a consequence, will only increase the future president's cachet among black Americans. One of the few criticisms of Mr Obama in the black community was, that as an African American, as distinct from an African-American, he did not share the same racial historical scars. Yet here is evidence that his ancestor fought for racial justice, and bore the scars for the rest of his life.
Mr Obama's different historical legacy will not mean a change of foreign policy, but it may well presage a change of tone - on Guantánamo as well as Britain. For British diplomats, reading President Obama will require a new vocabulary, and understanding a different sort of history. Not the glory of shared victory over evil in the Second World War, but the more complicated history of decolonisation, in which Britain's role was sometimes less than glorious and both sides committed horrific atrocities.
Mr Obama has written movingly about how his African past has defined him; that past, still emerging, may also help to define the future of the Anglo-American relationship.
When he hears an English accent, I suspect, the new president will not automatically think of Churchill, Benny Hill or Princess Diana, but rather of some nameless British colonial officer, gazing out on an Africa he believed he owned: for that is where Obama is coming from.
Ben Macintyre is Writer at Large for The Times and contributes a regular Friday column. His earlier roles at The Times include being editor of the Weekend Review, parliamentary sketchwriter and bureau chief in Washington and Paris. He has also published a number of historical non-fiction books
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You ignore the harsh words (either his own or of others with whom he does not disagree) about other places, eg Germany, and even Kenya and US.
To not feel "at home" in a foreign culture is not surprising or worrying. It is just open & honest: others may have gushed only for politically expediency
Gareth, Ballymena, UK
Amazing that a torture victim would have his son educated in the torturers' Colonial school system, well enough to get to Harvard. Or did he teach himself outsider the prison gates?
Ron, Tucson, US
Just wait, come trouble, he'll need the English speaking peoples of the world as usual. I don't think he'll get a lot of change out of Europe, embarassingly Chiraq was the first through the Whitehouse door. Remember, Obama is not the US, relationships run deeper than that.
i.e., Norwich, England
Of course, Obama's views wouldn't be influenced by the fact that the current Govt of Great Britain (and its previous Blairite incarnation) has acted as a spineless slave to every whim of the Bush Administration... no matter how insane, vicious, or illegal? That couldn't be it, I mean, could it?
Neil McGowan, Moscow, Russia
Another sad tale of the strong abusing the weak ina war and in colonialism.
I don't think Mr. Obama will apply any bias against the UK because of this.
But what I'd like to know about this is:
Are there many more victims of torture?
Why wasn't this revealed by historians?
Lilya, San Francisco, USA
President Obama is just another shining example of how anything is possible in the US. A minority politician in the UK would not be able to achieve the same type of success as Obama has in the US. I think a lot of anger and resentment that a lot of Brits have shown is because they know it's true.
Scott, Chicago, USA
Obama has spoken so much about his African root and how it influenced him; but I think he is a lot more intelligent and clever to allow the bitterness of the past to shape how he relates to Britain. These speculations should not arise as Obama is not a vindictive leader; but an inspirational leader
Ishmael Oguama, London, Uk
Davie, do you mean one of the most powerful countries on the planet, a member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, and with one of the best equipped armed forces outside of the US? We are not arrogant (and I find that Americans insulting us for being arrogant is just funny).
James, London,
British treatment of rebellious factions in the colonies was no worse and often a lot less brutal than any number of other European nations . Will the Dutch, Belgian, French, and Germans be on the receiving end of Obamas ire. How many French troops have died In the War on Terror?
sedgwick, London, UK
What I find disturbing is not the Mau Mau connection but the lack of acknowledgment that Obama Snr was a WWII veteran, fighting for King and country and yet was imprisoned by the same gov and to this day that does not appear to matter in any reference. I thought Japan is still paying the Brit Vets!
Feb Moria, Atlanta, USA
A good point, but if Britain is so tainted by its mercantile colonial past, a past that we ourselves so readily condemn, explain why people of every conceivable nationality have chosen to live in the despised fountainhead of empire or are currently overseas engaged in desperate attempts to do so.
Manny, London, UK
Things have changed completely in Britain since our government has gone Marxist. The time of the Mau Mau was like another planet. The British people don't think or care about anything except money, holidays, cars, sex, drugs,drink and fags. The arrogance is within the political class. We hate 'em !
Phil de Buquet, Newport,
Do you really think that a man who is so internally diverse and outwardly judged would himself judge an entire nation of people based on a few encounters? He is highly educated and worldy, and it is not likely that he will view anyone with such a closed mind.
Ana, Atlanta, USA
As an American there is a sense of peace already all around us. Finally the racial tension, and political bickering will stop. Ben Macintyre is correct, though, Obama's political ties and his writings are very telling. Time will tell.
Neesi, Orlando, USA
Instead of the false platitudes american presidents used to fob off british politicians we are now going to hear what they've always thought upfront.
Give it 5 years and I suspect british foreign policy will be more eurocentric than ever before.
Au revoir 'special relationship' if it ever existed
peter, york, uk
Good......perhaps as he so obviously dislikes the British he can do without British troops in Afghanistan.
Get them out now !
Noddy, Birmingham, England
This is hilarious stuff! His mother's a white American, when he looks at her does he see a descendant of slave-owners? And if it means a cooling of the special relationship I speak for the majority of Britons when I say good. It's given us nothing but disaster and humiliation the last few years.
jane , kirksea,
This article does raise a general interesting point about how our perceptions of countries and people are influenced by our own experiences and heritage. It would be a shame if Obama had such a perception of Britain based on a colonial administration from fifty years ago but I suspect he may do
Dan , Winchester, England
I think what Obama needs to think about is America's present empire, not Britain's past one. America behaves far worse than Britain ever did; supporting fascist dictators, funding contras and other violent revolutionaries seeking to overturn democracies, bombing third world countries etc.
Peter Simmons, Leominster, UK
UK's superiority in the world during the British Empire had long gone. It had been clinging on to the US, in order to project themselves as strong, by going along with what US wants without question. Recent example, Bush's Iraq.
Ram Ganesh, Purley, UK
Obama's historical perspective of Britian will help British people understand how they and their history are perceived by different cultures. Obama also has Irish relatives, the state flag of Hawaii includes the Union Jack and his wife's surname is "Robinson". Its a family affair.
steve o'donnell , Dunblane , UK
There are more black voters in America than there British, so let's judge the man by his deeds, not the book its cover. Besides, I suspect the UK will be far less disappointed than some others - I live in Africa where there is what I can only describe as a frenzy of black-identity expectation.
Alex, Kinshasa, Congo
The British Empire has been dead for over 30 years, but we still maintain an outward looking Geopolicy which is more in tune with the US than the EU, as are our economics. What is worrying is the old mantle of colonial arrogance has been successfully adopted by the US abroad, with similar results.
Pete, Portsmouth, UK
It is true that some Britains appear to have a superiority complex. Not all however. Most people in Britain think little more of the commonwealth and the colonial world we had than they do about what to have on their toast in the morning - probably less so. It's only a (sadly vocal) few that do
James, Nottingham, UK
Do you seriously think thinking of Churchill would fill him with joy? Ask me, i'm Indian.
Supriya , Basel, Switzerland
If it wasn't Obama's grandfather, the man would have been described in today's media as an Islamic terrorist (he was Muslim, after all), as are the Iraqi and Afghan insurgents.
Bilal Patel, London, UK
The British have so much more, but seem to enjoy it less.
- absolutely spot on. I wonder how much Obama inflicts UK media on himself. He might understand a major source of the national negativity.
Ian, London, UK
Good article and I think Obama's opinion on the British and more specifically Britain's past is one that is widely held abroad but too few Brits actually realise this. Much of their arrogance and superiority is unfounded and is ridiculous when one considers Britain's standing in todays world.
Davie, New York,
The media avoided any investigation of the candidate Obama so we know almost nothing about him. The people that he is selecting indicate he is going to be a very different president than his electioneering promises idicated.
Mike, LA, USA
Contact his ghost writer. Bill Ayers can fill in the blanks in the narrative
r. burns, Tampa, US
The world is changing fast and the people of the UK should realise this. The Commonweath is dead and as countries like Australia, New Zeland and Canada will have less to do with the UK. The future of the UK lies in the EU, where it should be
The colonial world of the UK is now just history.
Malcolm Freeman, Berwick, Australia