Chris Ayres
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So I had my first genuinely 21st-century moment the other day. I was in the car, driving west to Santa Monica, when I asked my wife how her friend Nancy (not her real name) was doing. Nancy is unable to have a baby and for years has been undergoing expensive and exhausting IVF treatments. “Oh, Nancy's great,” said my wife, cheerfully. “Didn't you hear? She's having a superbaby.”
A superbaby?
First, some history. The concept of using test-tube technology to a create a future US president, or a future chess grandmaster, has been around since the early 1980s, when a San Diego businessman called Robert K. Graham founded the Repository for Germinal Choice. The repository was a sperm bank with a difference: only Nobel prize winners or other “geniuses” could donate. Graham, as you might imagine, was a big believer in eugenics, the Californian race-purification scheme of the early 1900s that so inspired the Nazis. Before the repository closed in 1999, Graham's “supersperm” had created about 200 children, a few of whom were tracked by the Slate journalist David Plotz. One of the superbabies, Jon, recounted to Plotz how his mother kept telling him not to consider his father a role model, because he was “better than that”. Jon was finally told about his super-DNA when he tried to leave high school at 16 to become a professional wrestler.
Technology has come a long way since then. Nancy is one of a growing number of infertile women who want to have a baby but either can't use their partner's sperm to fertilise a donor egg, or simply don't want to. As a result, her superbaby will be more of a megababy: conceived using not only donated sperm but also a donated egg, with the embryo carried by a surrogate. As you can imagine, both the sperm and the egg will be vetted ruthlessly, based on donor IQ and looks. As for the superdonors, they are mostly broke Ivy League students. These days, supereggs fetch up to $50,000, while supersperm goes for $1,200 per teaspoonful.
Is any of this a good idea? My doubts can be summed up by the case of the superbaby who recently found herself in limbo when her parents split up before her birth. It took the courts three years to work out to whom she belonged. Then there was the case of the couple who inherited eggs from their late daughter, and decided to “make” super- grandchildren. This is known as “posthumous collaborative reproduction”.
The issues are too numerous and too complex to go into here. Suffice to say that I'm reminded of a newspaper cartoon that circulated a few years ago. It featured a mum and a dad and their superbaby, posing together. “Thank God we found the sperm of that astronaut,” the mother said. “Thank God we found the eggs of that supermodel,” the dad said. The superbaby, meanwhile, was looking up at its doting creators. Above its head was a thought bubble: “Who the hell are these stupid, ugly people?”
Chris Ayres is the Los Angeles Correspondent for The Times and the author of War Reporting for Cowards, a critically-acclaimed account of the Iraq War. He joined The Times in 1997 and was nominated as Foreign Correspondent of the Year in 2004. He lives in the Hollywood Hills
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I remember a guy called Adolf Hitler had the same idea about 'EU'genics. He went about it in a different way, by attempting to reduce the number of undesirables from breeding, thus increasing the probability of creating moe super-babies. His group was called the Repository for German Choice.
Gerry, Kassel, Germany
Has anyone considered the view that not all Ivy League eggs/sperm might be worth having? My husband and I are both Ivy Leaguers. And yet we are infertile and trying our best to conceive...
MS, New York, USA
erm - a couple of petty corrections here ... a) people do mock dumb or drab offpring of super-brainy parents with supermodel looks; and b) the post by Seth Hirsch about great scientists' progeny is interesting trivia but lacks any scientific proof that science genes prevail - the list merely suggests that scientists are good at bringing out scientific mindedness in their children - just as sporty dads will watch or play football with their sons, arty crafty parents encourage and develop colourful creativity in their kids, lawyers will push their children to be high achievers, and vain clothes horses (of both genders) will encourage their little girls to dress up rather than do sums. The example says as much about nurture as nature, though maybe a smattering of parental genius helps...
Carolyn, Bath,
How very dangerous it is to overstep our boundaries. For multi millions of years Our Creator has done a good job of creating babies, now man steps in and becomes the so called'"creator". Man is not perfect and errs in so many ways. Remember the story of the Frankenstein monster? Though fictional, it will and could become a reality if this sort of thing continues. The basic problem is that man wants to be God and that doesn't work. It will eventually cause not a super race of people but more dysfunctional ones.
Anita Restivo, Boca Raton,
There is a theory that the increase in autism in recent years may be partially attributable to analytical types pairing up because they meet in engineering school (engineers apparently have more autistic children than other demographic groups). Instead of getting super babies, they may be creating children with significant social impairments. Think about some of the dismal results when animal breeders have tried to enhance a specific feature in an animal.
Hello, brave new world! Goodbye, sanity!
Judith M., Brainerd, USA
If you are going to bring in 'eugenics', you should distinguish between state eugenics, where someone else defines and applies the standard for what is a 'good' human being, and the domestic variety where individuals make these choices for themselves.
Most people are applying such considerations, perhaps unconsciously, when the choose a partner. Would you rather we used a lottery machine to assign mates to each other? We don't mock someone if they marry a partner who is intelligent or beautiful and get a child who isn't.
Bernard Shaw said "imagine a child with my beauty and your brains", but he was being glib, rude and a little pessimistic, and perhaps he was more comfortable with Stalin than with women. Raising a child is a very expensive project. Someone who unfortunately needs to buy in half or all of the blueprints might find it a false economy to skimp on these, but shouldn't expect the benefits of paying more to be obvious.
John Riseley, Harrogate, England
More to the point, what happens when nature throws these control freaks a curve ball and their baby is not the one they thought they ordered?
Part of becoming a parent is accepting that not everything in life is within our control. Ordering a superbaby is just another way of setting oneself up for a fall.
Laure, London,
Intelligence definitely has an inherited aspect. One of Einstein's sons (Hans Albert) became one of the most prominent engineers in academia, and is well known for his work on erosion and water flow (the other son, Eduard was a schizophrenic). Robert K. Merton, one of the most prominent sociologists of all time (he is credited with coining the term "self fulfilling prophecy"), had a son Robert C. Merton who won a nobel in economics. Pierre and Marie Curie's daughter Irene won her own nobel in chemistry and both of her children are prominent scientists too. Ludwig and Richard von Mises, the former a prominent economist and the latter a prominent mathematician were brothers. Niels Bohr's and his son Aage both won nobels in physics and Niels' brother Harald was a prominent mathematician. There are plenty more examples of this. Suffice it to say there are too many examples to ignore the inheritability of intelligence.
Seth Hirsch, New York, USA
Has anyone found a remarkable contribution made by one of Einstein's children? There is no evidence that the attributes of genius or talent can be inherited. Beauty is more than genes. Why are people spending vast fotunes in an effort to produce super babies, when the available evidence is that it does not work?
Barry Jacobs, M. D., Carrollton, Texas, USA