Daniel Finkelstein
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Why do we call it the Summer of Love?
In the hot months of 1967 there was a military coup in Greece; a war started in Biafra; there were race riots in Newark, Detroit and Boston; Muhummad Ali was stripped of his world title for refusing the draft; Mick Jagger and Keith Richards were jailed on drug charges; Arab attempts to destroy Israel triggered the Six Day War; Kenneth Halliwell murdered his lover, the playwright Joe Orton; the Beatles manager Brian Epstein died of a drug overdose; and the Swedish switched to driving on the right.
Doesn’t sound much like a Summer of Love to me.
So why the name? On April 5, 1967, in a converted firehouse on Waller Street, San Francisco, a press conference was held, called by assorted members of the hippy scene in the bohemian district of Haight-Ashbury. And they announced their intention to form a Council for a Summer of Love. The title stuck.
The origin of the name is significant. For this summer we are celebrating, if that’s the right word, the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love. And the tendency to see this term as the description of an era, rather than of a discreet series of events in a small district in one city, is strong. Does this mistake matter? Yes, because it is a symbol of something bigger – the way in which both Left and Right overestimate the Sixties counterculture. The 40th anniversary, while everybody is printing their cut-out-and-keep guide to the Sgt. Pepper’s album cover, is as good a moment as any to challenge this.
Let’s start in Haight-Ashbury itself. The creation of the council was a defensive move, designed to reassure local residents. Even the bohemians of the district feared the influx of students once the college vacation began. So some form of rudimentary organisation was put in place – a free store, free food and free love in the parks. But it didn’t really work. Haight-Ashbury, which had been a delightful enclave, was left a shadow of itself, a refuge for drug addicts and other damaged people.
Sure, thousands of young people were involved. But this was still a tiny, tiny percentage even of America’s youth. At the height of the counterculture’s growth, only 10 per cent of young Americans described themselves as “radicals”.
Haight’s Summer of Love wasn’t even cool. Here’s the verdict of George Harrison, who visited in early August: “You know, I went to Haight-Ashbury expecting it to be this brilliant place, and it was just full of horrible, spotty, dropout kids on drugs.” Far from making him, in Timothy Leary’s phrase, want to “turn on, tune in, drop out”, Harrison vowed to stop using LSD.
In other words, the Summer of Love was a failure, a distinction it shared with other countercultural “happenings”, many of which ended in mayhem and even murder. Why, then, does it loom so large in our imagination so many decades later?
Because of the Sixties. It is even clearer now than it was at the time that this was a watershed decade. Forty years ago, it was thought that the generation gap between teenagers and their parents would be a permanent feature of modern life. Instead, there was just one generation gap, but the gulf yawns between those who grew up in the years before the Beatles and those who grew up after it.
The mistake is to regard this as the consequence of the counterculture. The real cause of the Sixties revolution was something much more powerful and much more widespread – capitalism.
In his fine new book The Age of Abundance Brink Lindsey argues persuasively that the most important cultural change of the postwar era was moving from scarcity to abundance. For millions of people, the struggle merely to survive lost its intensity. And this left room for other priorities – the search for identity, the desire to make something of oneself.
This new spirit swept all before it in the Sixties. It produced the demand for political rights by African-Americans, it allowed women to think of themselves as more than drudges and to begin to make their way outside the home, it enriched teenagers and made them a potent economic force. It also produced a consumer society. You want it? Yes, I want it and I want it now. Then you can have it. The mass market burst through class barriers, upturned traditions, made revered customs obsolete.
Lindsey quotes F. Scott Fitzgerald’s famous line: “Let me tell you about the very rich. They are different from you and me.” And Lindsey argues that this is as true of societies as of individuals. The Sixties were different from anything that came before.
Against this dominant, vibrant mass culture, the counterculture was simply a puny protest. Just chill out, man, they bleated, as they were pushed aside by the consumer in a hurry. It is a delicious irony that the biggest impact the hippies made was when they were coopted by the mainstream. Soon Booth’s House of Lords gin was being promoted as a way of “taking a stand against conformity” while Clairol took on the slogan “it lets me be me”.
And, of course there was the biggest and best mainstream co-option of all – the Beatles masterpiece Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. The bourgeois work ethic of Paul McCartney married to the avant-garde art of the counterculture produced an irresistible commercial product.
The story of the Sixties is a story of the triumph of economic freedom, of the power of free markets to change lives and produce a more open, exciting society. So why doesn’t the Right embrace it? Why be happy to let the Left colonise memories of that decade?
It is because the change was not all gain, by any means. There has been family breakdown, drug addiction, and a certain coarsening of public debate and deterioration in standards of civility and decency. And it is a dodge to argue that these all came from something quite separate – from an alien counterculture. They didn’t. They are in part the downside of the consumer revolution and can only be addressed by the Right if they are understood like that.
Daniel Finkelstein is a weekly columnist and Comment Editor of The Times. His blog, Comment Central, is a personal round up of the best political opinion on the web. Before joining the paper in 2001, he was adviser to both Prime Minister John Major and Conservative leader William Hague
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So some people are human and mistake chemicals for love. Big deal. I kind of want to know why old style libertarians are still stuck up on it as they're starting to lose me here. So what let hippies have their good memories as they're all middle aged now anyway.
Also stop being bitter. I liked the libertarians but am kind of moving away from them at this point as many seem to be more interested in culture wars then civil liberties.
Erica, Fairfax, Virginia
This article is absolutely correct. The core of the counterculture was the conviction that scarcity based values like conflict, competition, and effort were as obsolete as courtly romance. The belief that life was easy, safe and secure. We can all drop out and backpack to Katmandu to 'find ourselves' and then drop back in whenever we like.
We can take off our shoes and walk in the grass. Life doesn't have to be one big resume. People crashed on the streets and young girls thought nothing of hitchhiking alone.
That "The Greening of America", a justly forgotten pop sociology work that insisted that America would inevitably become one big hippy commune where we all smoked dope in jeans was a huge bestseller shows how out of touch with reality things had become in 1970.
Of course this could not last. The coincidence of Nixon stagflation with the dumping of the main cohort of the baby boom (i.e., people born in 1954) on the job market destroyed this.
Charles Warren, Philadelphia, US
An interesting fact of the May 1968 Movement or Summer of 1967,was that it was the first manifestation of the first generation of the Television Era that began in the early 50´s...
On 1967,or 68, the children of the 50´s were 17,18,19 years old,and all of them suffered the impact of the TV age,TV ads,and of course,TV consumerism and messages .and a whole new set of images and a new Vision..And they manifested their say: 1967,1968 ,these kids including myself came out of childhood seeing TV,Sex Revolution with the Pill,Ads,Ads,and moreADs ,TV advertising making our heads and minds...!The first TV generation having their say...the first heads and brains and minds under the influence of TV World with all that shitty advertising ,creating a whole new world of Wants and Needs totally irrelevant but powewrful and instigating desires..sure Capitalism,but children whose heads were "built"for the very first time by the amazing new machine TV in all households and minds...neglected aspects ..
antonio amaral, sao paulo -, brazil
Well written article that might have some merit, but being born in 1961 I can only remember being influenced by the general theme of the time between episodes of Sesame Street. And while Sesame Street is an example of the time itself and the marketing of this time, I would say most are enduring American qualities that define us as a culture. No doubt that if Mr. Finkelstein started a movement of hate and intolerance, there would certainly be some American entrepreneur to sell the lifestyle.
The difference however, may be that one had visions of an ideal that actually made a difference in the way we treat each other and the way we tolerate others.
I can certainly say that this 6 year old was impacted in many ways from that "thought" of a Summer of Love and none of them have anything to do with what a car commercial or a hair product had to sell me.
martinlav, Seal Beach , Ca. USA
At the height of the countercultures growth, only 10 per cent of young Americans described themselves as radicals.
Only 10% radical? That's enough to change the world!
Jason Kennedy, New York, USA
Sarah-Kate Templeton's reported future proposals for disabled babies strikes me as very shocking. I think it is worth a lifetime of pain, sickness or disability to experience just one moment of true love in one's lifetime - from either a parent, sibling, lover or God himself. Those who are sufficiently fortunate to believe and trust in God would not contemplate these actions (even though they may be tempted to if under pressure). Those who are not so fortunate and rely on their own resoures, may place themselves in the position of authority over their fellow human beings - how dare they. Thank you for reporting on this important issue. Regards Mary Fealy
Mary Fealy, Tralee, Ireland
Interesting article. However, does Daniel Finkelstein realise the hugely paradoxical implications of what he is saying ie. Capitalism inaugurated a new era of social dislocation, familial disintegration and a loss of respect for authority - which amounted to an absolute rejection of Britain's Judeo-Christian heritage. Perhaps we should therefore begin to acknowledge the primary responsibility of Capitalism for the decimation of pre-1950s values which, however rigid they may have been, at least gave people a sense of purpose, dignity and stability. The lesson of the Sixties, as described by Mr. Finkelstein, is that there is no point in blaming the Left for the loss of our identity, much less that of our moral sense.
JL, Paris, France
I was eight years old when my big sister came home clutching her trophy copy of Sgt Pepper.
There may well be a single gap, but I don't think it's generational. If it is, then I'm a throwback. I often feel stranded in an alien sea precisely _because_ I want to search for my identity (in a Tolstoyan way) and make something that will be appreciated and will last, surrounded by a society which tells me that only what I consume matters. That I'm less of a man not because cigarette adverts tell me so, but because I don't use a pressure washer to clean a Grand Cherokee five times a week like my builder neighbour.
When I see footage of the Summer of Love, I see people probably incapable of loving the human race in the way the organisers meant the phrase, felling good about themselves because they mistook the self-indulgent rituals for the love. And that's something that's as old as the hills....
Ian Kemmish, Biggleswade, UK
An attempt by the Libertarian right to embrace the Sixties is "In praise of Decadence" by Jeff Riggenbach. It develops your themes of individual liberty coming out of less scrabbling to get by.
JA, London,
Finkelstein's claim that free markets and capitalism led to the abundance of free thinking and to the eventual failure of the Left in the late 1960s is not without merit. Yet, would he be so bold as to make the claim that the current age of capitalism - including gross corporate fraud, multinational manipulation of labor, and destruction of the environment is a success of the Right?
Though abundance may have created a generation of free thinkers, their youth and neglect of power and hegemony is surely noted. Let us now address the actions of the Right after this Summer of Love: government secrecy regarding international affairs, the CIA and MI6 collaboration in the Iranian coup, the US and British involvement in Nicaragua and San Salvador - all in the name of allowing dollars, pounds, and oil to flow "freely" in our global infrastructure. Capitalism has victimized more lives than it has provided for, leaving very little to gloat about.
Chris Rusch, Austin, TX
The essential point to understand is that the hippies didnt make the comment. It was, surprise surprise, Money that dreamt this up for the benefit of the less well-informed, which in those days meant just about everyone. One can best view the era by appreciating that it was in fact master-minded, so in fact not much has changed - it has just become more obvious to more people. The Sixties passed me by, but, since it was me who wrote not just the Beatles music but just about everyone elses as well, especially on the other side of the Atlantic, the extent of my deficit can thereby be appreciated.
It is important to realise that the same psychedelic Master-minds are still around, looking for fresh fields to conquer, and it is they that are the problem, and will be the continuing problem, not the hippies.
Henry Percy, London, UK
wow, talk about seeing the past through rose colored glasses.
I lived in Berkeley during those days of flower power, studied political theory and went to jail for 2 weeks for trying to close the Oakland Draft Center along with 500 others.
you are so close to your own mirror you cannot see the forest for the obsession with capitalism.
the early days of the 60's was not about consumerism, or status, or warfare - a hopeless hiccup in a war based economy. We struggled against the war in Viet Nam until Jackson State and Kent State terrorist killings by the government. Eventually the body counts and napalm ended with the victory of the Viet Cong... and then they have slowly come to prefer the US to former allies China and Russia... duh, anyone looking at their history of national struggles against China especially would have predicted this.
loads of money can buy love today but not good health care, housing or schooling. don't forget to thank the CIA for helping bring us drugs.
Dan, Bostown, Massamemory Lane, US
So what if a few individuals coined the phrase, "summer of love". If true, this was just reflective of what was happening for years preceding the summer of 1967. And yes, economic times set the stage for the counterculture, but, some of us genuinely did not want the perceived and sometimes real, banal, consumer lifestyles which are parents were already living coming out of the war years and into the 50s, especially in North America. And the songs of two of the giants ( Joni Mitchell and Jimi Hendrix ) from that period will endure for decades, if not centuries if the human species hasn't been chucked-out by its host, the Earth by then. And I would say that Jimi and Joni were certainly part of the summer of love, as well as being artists who's ART was not a by-product of business ( capitalism ), rather, in their case, business was a by-product of ART. Very diffucult to find in times subsequent to this period and especially today in an time of incredibly rigid and unfettered CAPITALISM.
Robert Meunier, London,
Good article. One thing you might have noted was that before the Sixties most people didn't have cars, after it they did. Control of a little personal bubble that can go anywhere causes huge changes in a man's attitude.
Bascially consciousness is determined by the means of production, however. Marx was right.
Malcolm McLean, Bradford, UK
A very nice, variegated and parti-coloured write up, giving a brief synopsis of 60's, the golden era of Hippies and "Flower children". A new counter-culture was born , which defied all the norms and so called sacrosant and puritanical ethics of a genteel and cultured society. They lived in communes with free flowing bohemian life styles , sharing food, drugs, ciggies and free love too. They were anti-nazis, anti-nukes and anti-capitalists too. But why the cult and movement of hippies and 'worshippers of love & peace', got petered-out. Perhaps the changing times, which brought out the essence of "gross consumerism" The advent of free markets, globalisation and brand values, brought about the most 'happening' changes in the society.The equation of 'love' and 'peace' was redefined in value of $, Pounds and Euros. If loads of money and moolahs could buy love and peace, this trend could stay on for ever. We are again going back to times, showing a slow down in pace of life.The truth is out.
Sandy, New Delhi, India
Perhaps the real significance lay in the subsequent myth that some of the overwhelming majority who had not participated (or even been aware of the event at the time) might have wanted to catch up with those who had tasted freedom from inhibitions, and this could be the indirect cause of much subsequent bad behaviour.
The seeds of the paradigm shift were propagated somewhat earlier with the shedding of reverence for the parental generation, disseminated through popular culture, for example by the lyrics of Tom Lehrer and books such as The Catcher in the Rye.
From other perspectives social changes pursuant to the war is also important.
dr venables preller, Warminster, UK
"...the gulf yawns between those who grew up in the years before the Beatles and those who grew up after it. "
I was born in 1966. Do I get to straddle the abyss,please, please?
Charles, Newcastle, England
For most people the summer of love and its ethos made little difference - but for some of us - the lucky ones - all the difference in the world.
Arnold Ward, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
Very good article but Mick Jagger pointed out much the same thing.
In a very early TV interview he was asked why the Stones were so popular. His reply was "well people have got a lot more money in their pockets now. They want to go out and have a good time."
Simple as that really..
B Wood, Leicester,
"a discreet series of events in a small district in one city" - I think you mean "discrete" - the summer of Love was hardly discreet!
Toby, Sydney,