Daniel Finkelstein
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Comment Central: The drug abuse of John F Kennedy
All was quiet in the early hours of May 24, 1920, at the railway crossing at Montargis, a commune sitting a little more than 100km outside Paris, when the stationmaster encountered a very odd man indeed.
Wandering alone, dressed only in his nightclothes, the old boy had blood all over his face. Clearly confused, he had no clue where the blood had come from, or, for that matter, where he himself had come from. And to cap it all, this demented vagrant responded to inquiries about his identity by claiming unhelpfully that he was the President of France.
Naturally a doctor was called. But what he said rather surprised the stationmaster. For the bloodied old man in his pyjamas, the doctor revealed, was exactly who he claimed to be. He was Paul Deschanel, President of the Third Republic.
I came across the story of the mental decline of Deschanel and his fall from a train when reading a riveting new book on the health of statesmen. It is one of dozens of stories in this important volume that has introduced an issue to which until now I'd never given much thought - that the medical condition of leaders can profoundly affect the decisions they make, and yet even the most debilitating illnesses often remain concealed.
I should have worked the importance of this out for myself. At the last general election, the Liberal Democrats put forward an alcoholic as their candidate for prime minister. They knew that this was what they were doing, pretty much all of them. Charles Kennedy was so far gone that he turned up drunk to the launch of his own manifesto. Yet when journalists wrote about his drink problem, the Lib Dems lied and forced retractions using the threat of lawsuits.
Now this was a genuine, and shaming, scandal. A scandal far more important than whether the MP for Waverhampton East's wife has purchased too expensive a dessert spoon. Yet unlike Dessertspoongate, the exposure of Mr Kennedy's condition and the lies told to protect him have not led us to question the rules of politics. This engrossing new book has persuaded me that it should have.
In Sickness and in Power is written by the former Foreign Secretary and doctor David Owen. The relationship between health and ability to govern has long been an interest of his. I recall him returning from the funeral of the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov. He didn't think the new leadership would last long. He had shaken hands with Konstantin Chernenko and, on hearing him wheeze, thought he was suffering from emphysema. Just 13 months later that disease did indeed kill Chernenko.
The book presents compelling evidence that the course of history has been changed again and again by the ill-health of world leaders. Suez is perhaps the best example. By the time Eden entered Downing Street in 1955 he was not a well man. What should have been a routine operation to remove his gall bladder went badly wrong. Over the succeeding years he required several further operations and a cocktail of drugs.
In the days leading up to his disastrous decision to collude in the Suez Canal adventure, Eden was in quite a mess. He was sleeping badly, was weak and in a sort of odd euphoric state. And he was admitted to hospital as an in-patient with a temperature of 106. It is difficult to believe that his condition did not have an impact on his decisions.
One main theme of Lord Owen's book is the impact of drug use. Eden's doctor describes him as living on stimulants. Similar reliance may also explain the actions of Kennedy in the early days of his presidency. The man who later dealt so capably with the Cuban missile crisis made a total hash of the Bay of Pigs adventure and his summit meeting in Vienna with Nikita Khrushchev.
Drug use may explain the disparity. In his first year in office Kennedy was being given drug treatment for Addison's disease by one set of doctors while, behind their back, he was being injected by another medic, a man known as Dr Feelgood. He obtained this nickname because of his cavalier attitude to amphetamines. Dr Feelgood was flown to Vienna and injected Kennedy less than an hour before his meeting with Khrushchev, a meeting that persuaded the Soviets that here was a weakling they could roll over.
It's not merely the detail in these studies that strikes one, however. It's the sheer number of instances of ill-health. A medical paper suggests that in the 20th century as many as seven US presidents suffered mental illness in office; Mitterrand concealed that he was dying of cancer throughout his time in power; Churchill, still clinging tenaciously to office in the 1950s, had his signature forged regularly by his son-in-law because he was too ill to sign papers himself; and on and on and on. There is one case after another of vital decisions made by sick leaders under the influence of drugs. Often in secret.
What can be done? We need regular medical bulletins on heads of government and those seeking to be heads of government. And they need to be independent. They can't be provided by the politician's personal doctor since the duty to tell the truth to the public conflicts with the duty to keep patient information confidential. Mitterrand's doctor ended up lying repeatedly in his medical bulletins.
When Giscard d'Estaing was asked if, as President of France, he was told by French Intelligence of the Shah of Iran's fatal cancer, he magnificently replied: “Indirectement.” When it comes to knowing about the medical condition of our democratic leaders, I don't think “indirectement” will do any more.
daniel.finkelstein@thetimes.co.uk
Daniel Finkelstein is a weekly columnist and Chief Leader Writer of The Times. His blog, Comment Central, is a personal round up of the best political opinion on the web. Before joining the paper in 2001, he was adviser to both Prime Minister John Major and Conservative leader William Hague
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It's public hypocrisy that this debate highlights for me. Yet again we expect our politicians to be super human automotons devoid of human failings, and we pound them in to the dirt when they disappoint us. Who would Owen have replaced Churchill with, exactly?
P Lambert, Nottingham,
It was very disreputable for those in the know to threaten to use libel laws to protect Charles Kennedy from exposure before the last General Election. Their bluff should have been called. The theat of action was an affront to democracy.
Are there recent cases of Ministers stepping down because of mental incapacity?
This book like When Illness strikes the Leader raises important issues over the checks, balances and succession of politicians. Perhaps some leaders are in phsyical and mental decline, but much is kept hidden from voters, When and how should an ailing leader be removed?
mike, bristol,
Not only mental and physicall illnesses and fitness should be tested but especially qualifications, such as leadership abilities, balanced decision-making, knowledge of (global) economics, etc. Our leaders should undergo a barrage of tests before they are even allowed to stand as candidate!
The proper qualifications here, as in any top job, are of paramount importance, not just who your "friends" are or how much money you have.
Unfortunately our bureau- and eurocrats are self-indulging, egotistical megalomaniacs who consider politics a career choice for wealth rather than civil service.
Victor D., Athens, Greece
In Hawaii, the new teachers contract requirers drug testing(to be paid by the D.O.E.--make a law, tax the department.) Under the Kingdom of Hawaii, before the illegal invasion and consequent overthrow of the Kingdom by the U.S.A. in 1893, we had a law; No law enacted for the people that doesn't apply to the leaders(1839 bill or rights). It's time our leaders lead by example, and unfortunatly, unless the people demand it, it won't happen. (ref. also hawaiikingdom.org) we are still struggleing for justice and against corvert Hawaiian Apartheid.
Eric Kane, Waimanalo, Hawaii
If all of them were on pot the world would be a much less aggressive place, that's for sure.
J. Wilkes, Gloucester,
How long will it be before we find out what Bush is on?
Richard, Manchester,
"There are many privacy laws in this country (and the EU) which conceal these matters in order to avoid discrimination on health grounds. Can these be overturned in the sole case of persons elected by the populus? "
I don't see why not. After all, these people willingly put themselves forward for their positions, and if/when elected they cease to be "private" people, and gain powers and privilages beyond those of the rest of us.
I see no reason why people with powers and responsibilities that allow them to cause far more harm than any private citizen should not be subject to proportionately stricter rules on conduct and competance.
Andrew, Taunton,
It would be nice for a change to get the politicians our votes deserve, than again, maybe that's exactly what is happening here.
David Amerland, Cheadle, UK, Cheshire
Anyone going into politics thinking they can actually make a difference to ordninary lives are `de facto` delusional
Peter Bolt, Redditch, UK
Well, that is a thought, for certain something takes them 'off the planet', at least this one where pensioners get less than 10% of the income of politicians. And that is before they clain nearly as much again in expenses, with even more for their party machines! "...drugged to the eyes..." would quite explain things.
S. Barraclough, Huddersfield, W. Yorkshire
A well balanced article as usual but there is nothing here that is new. The documentary 'Altered Statesmen' which aired on TV a couple of years ago covered much the same ground and in my view came to exactly the same conclusion
Jay, London,
Testing politicians for mental health is likely to leave us short of personnel in governments and parliaments. Actually, I had always assumed that a poor grip on reality (along with constructed "morality") was a prerequisite for aspirant politicians.
Martin Baldwin-Edwards, Athens, Greece
This is more of a problem in a presidential system, but in a cabinet democracy that kind of power 'should' be more distributed - so Cabinet takes over when the PM is incapacitated or has clouded judgement. That's how our democracy should work...
However, where our leaders are treated more and more like Emperors, more autocratic in style, we become more susceptible to their moods, illness and neuroses.
By the way, Dessertspoongate is the greatest portmanteau in history.
Ed Freshwater, Aberdeen, Scotland
As a GP, it is my responsibility to break confidentiality if there is a risk to others, as in the case of some sufferers of psychotic illnesses at times, or reporting drivers unsafe due to dementia to the DVLA.
Leading a country carries a lot more risk of harming others than driving a car. A competent physician ought to break rank if such circumstances arise. The problem is how to ensure this principle is followed.
One of the strange anomalies enshrined in law is that if delusional beliefs accord with certain culturally sanctioned religious beliefs, the Mental Health Act does not apply. Presumably this is why Tony Blair's physician did not act when Blair asked God's advice rather than the electorate's before deciding to join fellow zealot George Bush's invasion of Iraq.
Dr M, Lerwick, Scotland
We check our athletes for an extensive list of drugs but let our politicans go untested. Just doesn't seem quite right...
Juan, London,
A very interesting and timely piece. At a time in history when we are gaining an understanding and compassion for mental illness especially, it is important that politicans are treated with the respect and care we would all desire from our employer. .. power of course is a very seductive feeling not just for the politican but also those around him/her who have much to gain by maintaining the status quo.
This situation exists in all levells of society, where the local boss, CEO of a mulitnational company , teacher, parent , policeman......... are in positions to influence the lives of people and their family on a day by day basis- often with devasting results......... while this 'leader ' may have imparied cognitive ability.
Will evolution of the democratic principles we like to feel govern the mores of our society , facititate an empathetic and honest response to the very human experience of fraility and disease?
mary foley, Carlow, R.O.I.
So, what's Gordon Brown on then ? He must be taking some medication or have some deep mental illness - he just seems to want to take money off people all the time.
Mark B, York,
Maybe the real problem here is that we give our leaders too much power. In a democracy, there should never be just one man making important decisions- that's what dictators are for.
Miss Dee, Tayside, Scotland
But the point is - do they do any better or any worse for being drunk or sober, stoned or not?
kevin atkinson, London, london
Interesting to hear about "the story of the mental decline of Deschanel and his fall from a train when reading a riveting new book on the health of statesmen." That was careless of him, wasn't it?
Sam, Oxford,
You need regular medicals to fly a few hundred people around but not to start wars resulting in millions of deaths.
merv thompson, Scarborough, Yorkshire
Well argued, as usual, Daniel. We choose our leaders according to their fitness to govern, and illnesses, no matter how trivial, affect the decisions that we make. Who, for instance, is at their best at work when suffering from a cold? And that is as trivial as an illness can get.
That said, though, forcing people to reveal their state of health is not practical. There are many privacy laws in this country (and the EU) which conceal these matters in order to avoid discrimination on health grounds. Can these be overturned in the sole case of persons elected by the populus?
Martin, Bristol,
I wonder what would have been the outcome of the Yalta
Conference if President Roosevelt had been a well man
with Churchill at his side?
Jerry Scroggin, Phoenix, Arizona/USA
Hi,
Iâm sitting in my place of residence at three o clock before a new born day. Deschanel as you mentioned was human. Some of my best computer programs and my paintings on canvas and my deepest thoughts in words have been achieved with a bottle of red wine.
Regards Dr. Terence
Terence Hale, zandvoort, Holland
Dont forget the modern leaders of the US of A who all seem to suffer from delusion, pyschosis and wide array of mental illness!
Kyle, Prescott, Arizona, USA
It's been a while since I read it, but there's a chapter in Fear & Loathing on the Campaign Trail where Thompson ponders whether Nixon is using some amphetamine or similar drug. If anyine would know, it'd be Hunter S Thompson.
Paul Rowe, Auckland, New Zealand