Terence Kealey: Science Notebook
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How do cannabis, heroin, morphine and other mind-altering drugs work? The answer came in a dream during the 1970s to Hans Kosterlitz, who worked at the University of Aberdeen. He was more than 70 at the time, thus giving hope to other oldies that their careers, too, might finally come good.
Kosterlitz dreamt that the drugs were not working by novel mechanisms but were simply mimicking the effect of our own, as yet undiscovered, internal chemicals. So to find those chemicals he passed guinea-pig brain extracts over lengths of guinea-pig guts.
Since heroin and morphine not only alter minds but also cause constipation, he soon began to identify the brain chemicals that, morphine-like, immobilised the gut lengths. That is why we call those chemicals endorphins — from “endogenous morphine”, morphine that grows from within.
We also now know that cannabis contains cannabinoids, which mimic the effect of natural brain chemicals we consequently call endocannabinoids. What do they do? In a recent paper in Nature Robert Malenka, of Stanford University, suggested that they act on brain neurons in ways that protect us from Parkinson’s disease.
By using mice that were predisposed to Parkinson’s disease, Malenka showed that when he applied to their brains chemicals that strengthened the effects of endocannabinoids, the mice became resistant to the disease.
Will smoking spliffs à la young David Cameron protect us from Parkinson’s? Perhaps not. The cannabinoids in cannabis are sufficiently different from many of our own endocannabinoids that no one knows if they will cross react in the right way with the key neurones.
But smoking spliffs might — just might — help sufferers from multiple sclerosis. In 2000 David Baker, of the University of London, published a study showing that certain endocannabinoids that appear to relieve the symptoms of multiple sclerosis are sufficiently similar to spliff cannabinoids that a mellow puff might help sufferers. The scientific jury is still out.
But the economic jury is still sitting, because the cannabis story has provided a surprise. We are assured by the farming lobbies that agricultural research, like all scientific research, depends on government grants and the protection of patents. But during recent years cannabis growers have developed increasingly potent, increasingly disease-resistant strains — harvesting the vast cannaboid yields that have now given us skunk — without public money or intellectual property rights and despite government discouragement. Might the stories that research should be dependent on the State therefore not be true? Now that would be mind-altering.
Our politicians proselytise about a world of retirement ages, abstention from drugs and dogmas about the nature of economic development. The real world, however, is advanced by pensioners studying illegal chemicals.
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Adam, I think you'll find that Hydroponics are not some mystical cpmpond found in Marijuana from adding chemicals, but rather the sophisticated growing system used - Hydroponics is defined as the growing of plants in a nutrient liquid with or without gravel or another supporting medium - which enables a more potent plant than you would get from normal outdoor growing environment and thus increases the strength of THC which is the key ingredient in getting the 'stoned' effect.
Justin, Leeds,
Cannabis these days is far too strong here in the UK, in Holland, (where it is not legal, but tolerated), it's much cleaner, and even advises what strength it comes in, Here in the UK, there are so many chemicals added to encourage something called Hydroponics, which I can only describe as being on the same level as Crack (smokable Cocaine), It's not just THC, there are many chemicals that all come with the smoking, too increase both the intensity and length on the 'stoned' effect. In Holland most the people who own / run the coffee shops will advise that they don't smoke that as they have a choice of more 'natural'. For the UK smoker, they have to pretty much buy what they can find, this can mean buying something of this strength, what's worse is your stimulation level will (eventually) adapt, and you will want to get a 'buzz' of an equal effect from cannabis of the same strength.
Should it be used as a medicine, yes if only it can be grown legally and safely.
Adam Webb, Buckingham, UK
Actually, the strength of cannabis has changed significantly since the 70s,
Where the morrocan resin of the drug is sold much weaker, often mixed with vinyl or whatever's lying around, the marihuana herb is in fact much stronger.
It comes down to the strains of the cannabis, some strains are cross bred to produce the most THC, some are bred to even hallucigenic levels.
Taking this into account, surely there is some way technology can find a way to make cannabis seem a less terrifying concept of treatment, as it seems that the government are still children, with mummys 'now you mustn't smoke marijuana, its bad.' in their heads.
Not to mention ecstacy, which has been proven to be an extremely effective with parkinsons disease. there was a show with a man who missed his medicine for 24hours and could hardly walk, then did it for 24 hours, but took ecstacy, and could jump around, even backflip. not conclusive, but if true, a interesting possibility.
James, Lincoln, England
As Newsletter Editor of the British Carbon Group (a group co-sponsored by the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Institute of Physics and the Society of Chemical Induustry) I was very interested in the article on graphene that appeared in The Times today. It was very well-written and accurate, things one cannot take for granted in the media today alas, and I wondered if I could reproduce it in whole or in part in our next newsletter.
We did have a research meeting on advances in graphene science a few months ago in which the leading groups gave their latest results, so this will not be a surprise to our members but carbon doesn't always make the press like this, so it would be good to make something of it.
N. D. Parkyns, Hemel Hempstead, UK
If drugs mimic our own ability to heal ourselves, perhaps that is why they are "illegal". We need a medical/phamaceutical environment. Or rather, Governemnts need their support. If we did not suffer why would we democratically fund "research" through state funded medical quackery?
Nicholas Alexander, Auckland, New Zealand
Alas, it is worse than you think.
Unfortunate medical research has unearthed the distasteful finding that smoking tobacco is actually very good you once you are old.
It seems to improve brain function, suppressing the onset of Altzheimers and enabling you to remain alert. See the NHS Blog Doctor for details.
You may have heard it here, but modern methods of suppressing reasearch mean you won't hear it anywhere else!
T Massingham, Gloucester, UK
I like this statement not only because Im on pension but
also of the contribution pensioners may make and make
to take away the ravels of the present society.
Ian Gral, sulechow, poland
The drugs debate is continually warped by the inclusion of cannabis alongside heavy-duty narcotics. In terms of risk to the user, cannabis has been ranked as less harmful than alcohol, so it is a total misnomer to mention it in the same breath as heroin. Nobody needs to break into houses to fund their next spliff.
As has been mentioned, Skunk is nothing new, often prohibitively expensive for kids and if we are worried about more potent formulations of intoxicants, shouldn't that also include vodka and absinthe?
Simon Clark, London,
I was diagnosed with M.S. when I was 42 years old. I am now 58. I've tried several drugs that are so called designed for this disease and none have worked for me. If Sativex has been helping patients with M.S. in Canada and other country's, then why is the United States continuing to drag it's feet on the subject . I think that the U.S. needs to stop being such a Prude. I think that after suffering with this terrible Disease for more than 15 yrs now, I deserve a chance to ease the pain and suffering as much as possible so that I can live a more comfortable life.
Dan Lesley SR., Watauga, Texas
Terence Kealey says that 'smoking spliffs might just might help sufferers from multiple sclerosis'. In fact there is very little doubt that cannabis can be extremely beneficial to some MS patients, but 'smoking spliffs' may not be the optimum method of administering this valuable medicine. Therapeutic Help from Cannabis for Multiple Sclerosis <www.thc4ms.org>, which claimed to have supplied more than 1,000 MS patients before its organisers were convicted in December 2006 of Conspiracy, incorporated cannabis into chocolate bars. A British company called GW Pharmaceuticals has developed a medicine called Sativex that's licensed for the treatment of MS in Canada, which delivers the cannabinoids in the form of a sub-lingual spray. Surely the time for equivocating over the medicinal benefits of cannabis is past and patients who may derive benefit should be given access to this versatile and natural medicine as a matter of urgency?
Russell Cronin, London,
sirs, your assertion that cannabis is stronger today is factually innacurate.
skunk cannabis has been around since the 1970's, the media created hype of 'super strong' skunk is just that, media hype.
steve, York, uk
Whilst I applaud any news article which brings the attention of the public to the many medicinal benefits of cannabis, could I just halt you a second on one point of your argument. As you will have heard numerous politicians, and your journalist colleagues, telling the public that 'super strong skunk' is 'up to 40 times stronger' than 'when they were young' I can't blame you for thinking it is correct and basing your final statement upon it. It is, however, completely false. There is no evidence available showing any true strength increase in the cannabis being found in the UK today. I am a Cantheist Minister so I would not expect my word alone to be accepted on the subject of cannabis but I'm quoing the government.
Parliamentary-Under-Secretary of the Home Office, Caroline Flint, stated in reply to a question on this subject in the House of Commons .. "The evidence of our forensic science unit is that the cannabis that it has sampled is not stronger than it was some years ago."
Rev. Paul Farnhill, Manchester, UK