Simon Jenkins
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Prison officers last week went on strike over a pay rise of 2.5%, phased. The heads of Britain’s 100 biggest companies have had 37%, unphased, as presumably are its recipients. The bosses won 28% more last year, 16% the year before and 13% and 23% in the two preceding years, yielding an average pay of £2.8m a head or 20 times the rise in price inflation. Under Labour, these company directors have stretched their remuneration to almost 100 times average earnings, a gap unprecedented since the rise of modern taxation.
Is this a good or bad thing? Any pay package is, like beauty, in the eye of the beholder. But for an entire class of workers to receive sequential increases of 37%, 28% and 16% suggests a serious leakage of cash from businesses into the pockets of those at the top. Nor is there any noticeable relationship of pay to company size or success. Last week Eric Nicoli left as boss of EMI after eight years in which the company faltered and its share price fell by 40%. Yet he received £800,000 a year in salary and was given a leaving present of £2.8m.
Cash bonuses mostly in financial services are beyond the imaginings of wage slaves. Bob Diamond, who works at (but does not even run) the floundering Barclays Bank, took a bonus of £10.4m this year. Sir Fred Goodwin of the Royal Bank of Scotland took £2.7m. Last month’s Guardian/Office for National Statistics survey reported that bonuses overall increased 30% in 2007 to £14 billion, double last year’s rise. Readers may be tempted to ask how people contrive to dispose of such sensational winnings each year.
The apologists have been in full cry. A simple response is to play the comparisons game. These companies are the size of small states and their leaders have a right to tax their workers and shareholders accordingly. So implies Peter Newhouse, the survey’s author, and a consultant with Reward Technology Forum. He says we should publicise rewards as “an important message to able and aspirational young people”. The CBI adds that companies must pay “the going rate” or competitive talent will float offshore and something called UK plc will suffer. Britain now depends for a third of its income on financial services, so do not kill the geese that lay the golden eggs.
Nor is that all. As this money swills through the pockets of bonus recipients, say the apologists, it “trickles down”, finding an outlet not just in blue-chip properties but in cars, restaurants, holidays, nannies, clothes, hunting stables and Cotswold interiors, most with a high labour content. The incomes of the very rich allegedly redistribute to the poor faster through personal expenditure than through taxation. This is plausible given how much of the latter goes on white collar salaries, fees and subsidies.
But all this is special pleading. In allowing himself to be bluffed by the super-rich, that they will emigrate if he properly taxes their earnings, Gordon Brown falls for the Mandy Rice-Davies retort: they would say that, wouldn’t they. As for dangling £2m bonuses before the young, it is like Margaret Thatcher telling young women to find themselves rich husbands. Other proffered comparisons, such as between executives and Elton John and David Beckham, ignore the fact that such celebrities operate in a truly open market, do not determine their own incomes and, unlike City firms, receive no public money.
Anyone who has served on a corporate remuneration committee knows how it operates. It puts pay decisions out to consultants who, like the nonexecutives, the headhunters and senior management as a whole, have a vested interest in inflated incomes. Everyone scratches everyone’s back.
Discussion is not concerned with market forces but public relations. How will an outrageous bonus look to the press? Can shareholders and investors be fooled?
Apart from such rare company doctors as Stuart Rose of Marks & Spencer, who can add value out of proportion to their price, Britain is experiencing the same breakdown in top pay restraint that JK Galbraith noted in America. Corporate remuneration, he remarked, was nothing to do with the marketplace but was a heart-warming gift from executives and their friends to each other, a gift that had grown so large as to “verge on larceny”.
I suspect that wildly extravagant short-term “incentives” are as likely to distort performance as boost it, as is the case with Whitehall public service targets. As for the idea that a 37% pay rise will trickle down to help the poor, this might pass muster as an economics essay but it will get short shrift in the canteen where 2.5% is the norm. Why does trickle-down not apply to them?
The claim that executives with families well installed in London and country houses will suddenly vanish to Monaco or the Cayman Islands if not paid millions more each year (or if fully taxed on those millions) is absurd. It ignores the role of location, lifestyle and other nonpecuniary perks in a modern executive’s career package.
Being well regarded for running a successful company should be more satisfying than a reputation for greed, as BP’s Lord Browne and the privatisation “fat cats” of the 1980s found to their anguish. London’s financial preeminence is based primarily on its lax market regulation and its agreeable living conditions for those not reliant on public services. Businesses will leave Britain not when executives are properly taxed but when they start losing money.
I prefer to kick all this out of court. The rich, like the poor, are always with us. There is no morality in economics. The exponential rise in corporate pay is a hangover from the 1986 Big Bang phase of Thatcherite capitalism. If it had anything to do with free competition, there would have been a rush of talent into this market sector and a consequent fall in pay. That has not happened.
Two forces are influencing top people’s pay. The first is structural. The fortunes recently made in the City are largely due to a shift from lumbering corporate suppliers of financial services, such as banks and brokers, to fast-moving individuals and partnerships. I see no harm in this. More worrying is the new cartels, like those that the Big Bang supposedly smashed. Just four accountancy firms control large-scale audit and have spilt over into public/private finance. Half of management consultancy, again involving a small group of firms, relies on work from government. The rise in statutory regulation under Labour has sent legal and other professional bonuses soaring. As Adam Smith said, people of the same trade never meet “even in merriment” but to conspire to raise prices. This is government’s doing.
The other force is political. The widening of the pay gap, which has not occurred in continental Europe, followed the disempowering of organised labour by Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair, vigorously supported by Brown at the Treasury. This has released corporate Britain from any sense of self-restraint. Indulging tax loopholes for the rich while ordering workers to shoulder the fight against inflation may help Brown sound macho in the City, but it is high-risk politics.
A real sense of unfairness greeted the revelation that a number of the richest participants in economic success were, de facto, being subsidised by the rest through private equity tax evasion and/or nondomicilary status. The same anger was unleashed by the disclosure that a shift in the economy from manufacturing to financial services had led to a shift in profits to offshore tax havens.
Any lobbyist can cobble together special pleading for such antics, but they will not wash for millions of hardworking, tax-paying Britons. Low taxes for all are good, but tax breaks for a privileged few are wrong. The rising tide of wealth should float every boat, not just executive yachts.
As most people see their incomes slide ever further behind those about whom they read in the papers, they will be more inclined to cry halt. Democracy may not be the force it was, but it can deliver politicians an occasional kick, as can industrial relations. The prison officers may yet prove a straw in a wind that sweeps up others in its tail.
The days of statutory pay restraint are mercifully past, replaced in Britain by the most fluid labour market in Europe. But government vigilance is needed to retain that fluidity, and a regard for fairness to back it up.
Capital and labour will never coexist in a climate of equality, but some respect for equity must underpin the nation’s social contract. Otherwise we shall be back to the bitter divisions of the 1970s, where nobody wants to go.
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I see something more here as well. The entire Economic Theory used by the WW 2 generation is defunct. Pursuing growth when resources are limited is going as far wrong as a society can go.
This injustice of accumulating the vast majority of wealth within a small minority of the population cannot continue. It is now the time to conserve, ration, and redistribute the resources. It is the time to encourage all to use very much less of everything. It is the time to limit advertising to sell things, ban it for children, and use it to promote saving, repairing, recycling and NOT going on faraway vacations unless you walk, bike, or sail. It is the time to do away with floating interest rates, discourage borrowing, and require that all hard goods we buy last 10 to 20 years. It is time to create great reserves of food against climate change harvest disasters. Reason must subdue Greed, or Planetary Death will subdue us all, within years rather than decades.
victor compton, Cherbourg, France
An admirable article. Mr. Jenkins has not mentioned the Russian Kleptocrats or Indian steel magnates who choose to live in the UK: where are they realistically going to live, if not in London? Some may go elsewhere, if the tax thresholds for the higher paid are increased but it's a risk I'd willingly take.
The biggest shareholders in the UK bluechip companies are pension funds, managed by people who are themselves on hefty bonuses. They too are complicit in fleecing the companies of which their funds own part.
Are you listening, Mr. Brown?
John Austin, London, England
Private equity tax evasion? Go to SchA1, Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992. Its all there in B&W. What 'evasion' is there in being taxed precisely as prescribed by law. You make it sound 'sneeky'. These individuals are being taxed at the same rate as anyone else who sells a business asset. And the law makes no discrimination betwen the wealth or otherwise of the individual. So a cleaner selling shares acquired under his/her company's SAYE scheme pays this 10% rate as does the private equity investor.
And who created SchA1? The current PM.
If you don't like the law change it - but drop this ill-informed suggestion that what is being done is somehow evasion. Presumably Labour MPs don't like admitting to the comrades that they created (in clear and express terms) the legislation relied on by P/E nor that they were told that this sort of distortion would arise. But the Left always tends to consider that it knows best - a reason for most of the cock-ups of the last 10 years.
Margaret, Berkhamsted,
Thank you for saying this to the audience of this paper. The current situation is a gross injustice.
Stephen Ford, London, UK
Your proposal to increase taxes will certainly appeal to "Greedy Gordon" but it is the wrong solution.
The problem: Certain Directors of large companies are over paid. This is because 'in effect' they set their own pay and 'steal' from the shareholders who are in the main are pension funds.
The solution: Give the shareholders the absolute right to veto pay deals.
Simple.
Your solution would exacerbate the problem. Higher taxes would drive up pay and further reduce returns to pensioners.
Paul Rogers, Parker, CO
What is the point of totally free markets without governmental interference, if not more money for less people?
Is it a "good or a bad thing" that "company directors have stretched their remuneration to almost 100 times average earnings, a gap unprecedented since the rise of modern taxation"?
Who's in charge of taxation? The free marketeers or the elected leaders?
You can't have an acceptable social equilibrium without some governmental control of the markets because markets are very real and have huge social consequences. The invisible hand is an increasingly dangerous myth and disqualifies economics as a science.
When the State recedes, other forces fill in the vacuum, most of the time for the worse.
Ronnie, PARIS, FRANCE
Coincidentally I read today a complaint by Mahomed el Fayed that he had been "driven out of Britain by the Inland Revenue".
As far as I can make out they were unkind enough to rescind the convenient arrangement whereby he only paid the tax he felt like!
Good riddance!
Mike Bibby, St Albans, England -nopt EU
There is nothing agreeable about living in London. I am here solely because the markets are here. When financial services markets come to their senses and move to somewhere 'agreeable' I will be gone as quickly as possible.
LondonShambles, London,
No doubt bankers previous bonuses will now be repaid ...based as they were on wishful thinking.
B.Calvert, London,
This is only part of the story. Many of the richest people in Britain are, increasingly, foreigners who come to settle in Britain from all over the globe, base their families here, take British citizenship- become complete British residents in every way, which is excellent. What is not so excellent, is that by special dispensation of Mr Brown's Treasury, they are encouraged to fudge the tax laws, by maintaining the fiction that they are not domiciled in Britain, which given that they have settled here is a farce. That means that their -often vast - overseas income is totally free of UK tax unless the funds are brought into the UK (which they obviously are not). Mr Brown's view is that they will not settle in the UK if they have to pay the same taxes as everyone else, which speaks legions for the tax system for hard working people who get no such largesse from Mr Brown.
Mr Brown has his groups of favourites- if you don't belong to any of them then tough!
Doug, Glasgow,
How about making the payment of bonuses conditional on 50% of the sum having to be donated to charitable causes or used for philanthropic purposes? It would be comforting to feel that those with 2 or more homes were starting to think about and act for those with no home for example.
Mike Matthews, Brockenhurst,
While fairness of taxation is certainly important, the article has nothing to do with it.
While levels of executive remuneration are certainly excessive, I do not understand what is the issue with the taxation any of those mentioned in the article. They are either British (and thus by default domiciled in Britain) or American (and thus taxed - at US rates - on their worldwide income regardless of domicile), and do not benefit for their income from absurd tax subsidies such as the ones on venture capital trusts (though they may do when thay reinvest said income).
The other point - regading fairness of relative incomes - will probably be taken care the way these things always have: through a massive recession causing the fall to earth of many demigods, untold suffering to the vast majority and the reinforcement of the position of very few. To believe that mankind can learn to adjust its ways on such a scale is folly.
David, Wallingford,
Simon Jenkins' article is a classic leftover of what was wrong with Britain in the 1960's. He fails to understand that salaries to senior employees are paid by shareholders who have a natural right to sack underachieving top management. The reality is that a good CEO can create enormous wealth for both shareholders, staff as well as the taxman. The threat of a brain drain is very real as anybody in the United States who meets a veritable cortege of CEO's, scientists and professors who escaped the appalling state of the UK under Harold Wilson and Jim Callaghan can witness. Far from being penalised, mobile staff should be give a tax break for staying in the grim overpopulated and overpriced (more recently flooded)island I had the good fortune to flee. The US taxman is now the proud recipient of my considerable tax payment,. Poor Britain to have Simon Jenkins and his ilk still remonstrating about the bankrupt but ostensibly fairer past.
happyemigrant, Telluride, Colorado
Why do CEOs and directors recognize they need economic stability to plan, invest and generally finance future business but do not apply the same principles to the economic stability of their employees? Employees are not rewarded if and when they are removed by downsizing or delayering programmes or if they fail to perform and achieve what was required of them so why continue to reward directors, with huge salaries, share options, pension contributions and âgolden goodbyesâ for having failed to perform? Why, when senior management insists on the implementation of performance-related pay schemes for employees, are those same schemes not introduced for Chairmen, Chief Executives and directors? Indeed, if, as many senior managers say, companies are managed to provide the best return for shareholders then why not tie bonuses for senior managers to the overall performance of the company and its share price over a longer period of time and not just 6 or 12 months? Greed starts at the top.
Kenneth Armitage, Suffolk, England
Why do I have to pay tax up to 50 percent of my salary (income tax plus national insurance) when people earning 100 times what I do and more contribute less to the public good due to loopholes and privileged rules ?
I would welcome the tax rates of the 1970s, provided the thresholds were chosen sensibly with respect to median earnings.
A.B. Right, Newcastle,
"The other force is political. The widening of the pay gap, which has not occurred in continental Europe,"
Really? The Gini coefficient is up right around the world. Income inequality is increasing everywhere. Given a global phenomenon, might there not be a global cause?
Tim Worstall, Messines, Portugal
Tax breaks for a privileged few are wrong. So is the system that lets members of The City take home bonus packets of 28 million - three new hospitals, two new schools, rejuvenation of The North......
Jane Fleming, Whittlesey, CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Interesting article. If we look at the Labour governments' performance, they have totally failed their natural constituents. Looking at wage inflation as an example - those most disadvantaged in our society now have to compete with even more disadvantaged immigrants for employment. In times gone by, the natural consequence in a lack of supply of labour would be an increase in wages - now with an "infinite" supply of immigrants for relatively low paid jobs there are no such pressures - who does this really benefit - certainly not the average worker !!! Nice one Labour.
disenchanted, northwest, uk
I 100% agree. If these massive bonuses are for performance then the trickle down should start at source and a bonus should be paid to each individual employee in the firm.They inturn would put more money directly into the UK service trades, retailers which in turn would boost manufacturing.
That bonus for the employee should be taxed at the same rate as the boss's bonus.Why the goverment pays these ludicrous consultancy fees is beyond me, anyone with an ounce of sense can see that for years they haven't been getting their / our moneys worth.Put the money into schools and teach children the basics instead of wasting it.
Gerry, Glasgow, UK
Politicians will act democratically before firms hire honest accountants - which conjunction is in consequence fast becoming an oxymoron.
Noel Falconer, COUIZA, France
Hurrah for Mr Jenkins. The narge numbers of immigrants entering the UK have helped to keep ordinary working pwoplw's pay down -perhaps we should import lots of foreign would-be high earners and do the same to these fat cats!
kay, leeds,
A flat tax is the only solution.
R Mason, London, UK
the australian government has recently legislated to strip even MORE collective bargaining power from workers. things are going in the wrong direction in this part of the world.
Tony Edwards, Sydney, Australia
Democracy is now no force at all. Voting Conservative just brings the architects of the problem back to power. Voting LibDem just splits the opposition vote and maintains the status quo - unjust wars and all.
Leroy, Ilford, uk
In the interests of full transparency, perhaps Simon Jenkins could reveal how much he earns and what multiple that is of the average income.
ChrisR, London,
If you don't like Barclays' pay structure, sell your Barclays' shares.
Ah, you can't. They're in a pension fund that you don't control, This is the real scandal, and why executive salaries are so high.
Malcolm McLean, Bradford, UK
Simon you need to also include the fact that these executives whilst creaming it in for themselves have been busy making talented British people jobless by sending their work to India. Often the British people have to train up the Indians to take their jobs from them. All this is supported by the likes of Bob Diamond, who pick up their 30 million pounds pay packet by depriving other Britons of their livelihoods and they pocket the difference.
No wonder big business don't like Christianity, they may have to look at their own vileness and lack of care for their fellow man.
Jane, London, England
The problem is that for most people, even the most valuable contributors to industry like scientists and engineers, or to society like teachers, is that it's difficult to put a figure on their value.
On the other hand, fund managers, CEO's and the like can look at how profits have changed over the past year and claim that they made the difference. To the (willingly) credulous boards and consultants, rewarding them with a few % of this seems justifiable, even if it happens to be a number in the billions.
However, when profits go down, there is no parallel move to recoup from them a few % of the billions they have lost for their company.
The whole process is truly sickening. In part because every bright student can see that if he/she wants to be really really rich, banking and finance are the most promising options. Which is a pity for the economy, since these don't actually create anything.
If only we could pay teachers and engineers and CEO's all based on their true worth ...
Denis O'Sullivan, Brussels, Belgium
I think you fail to understand that the government has already tried to tackle this.
In 2002 they passed legislation requiring the pay settlement of the CEO to be put to a vote by the shareholders, annually. On the few occasions the shareholders have bothered about it, they have been successful. eg Glaxo shareholders successfully cut the pay of Garnier.
Unfortunately most shareholders don't bother to vote down CEO pay. Not sure what the govt can do about this. They can give the shareholders the tools, but they can't force them to use them. And as CEO pay comes out of shareholder's pockets, it's up to them to act.
BP, Bournemouth, UK
As usual the ordinary man in the street finds his finances getting ever tighter, subsidising by taxes, not only the deserving poor and immigrants who are able to abuse the system but the wealthiest of the UK population who see it as their right to pay almost no direct taxes at all.
It isn't just waving a red flag to a bull, it's sitting in the bull ring with silver service, dining on rump steak.
The Government should be more concerned with the middle classes deserting the UK and taking their money with them than the fat cats doing the same. For without this middleclass base of tax payers, who will fund the state at all?
s, alicante, spain
Great argument for a flat tax. Everybody pays the same proportion of their income - no special tax breaks, no loopholes. Only problem is the envy of the left wing who feel that only confiscatory rates are appropriate for anyone isn't in a union.
Neil Kelly, Florida, USA
Thank God Death is the great leveler. How much more unjust would the World be if the rich could buy immortality.
Brian Eastwood, Petersburg, VA USA
Simon Jenkins has highlighted a disgraceful state of affairs. Can a solution be found in statutorily restructuring Limited and Public Companies?
Robert, London, UK
Brilliant, much needed article.
K Kuhlemann, London, UK
Dear Mr Jenkins,
Your articles, if sometimes calculated, are just what is needed. Your acerbic knife-thrusts strike home. But how does one effectively go against what one may call the swine? Keep writing.
Granicvs
John Hanley, Reston, Virginia USA
What is the difference between the 70s and now..?
The wealth gap is wider, not narrower. But most ordinary people are still better off. And of course people are less politicised as society as become more individualised.
It sounds like we are being told that the top people should be made to accept less, so that the rest of us will be more amenable to accepting less.
Or perhaps if the top people got less, then the rest of us may be not better off, but at least we should feel better. It is therapeutic politics.
Richard, London, UK
Interesting article. If we look at the Labour governments' performance, they have totally failed their natural constituents. Looking at wage inflation as an example - those most disadvantaged in our society now have to compete with even more disadvantaged immigrants for employment. In times gone by, the natural consequence in a lack of supply of labour would be an increase in wages - now with an "infinite" supply of immigrants for relatively low paid jobs there are no such pressures - who does this really benefit - certainly not the average worker !!! Nice one Labour.
disenchanted, northwest,