Kit Malthouse
2 for 1 tickets to Casablanca, this coming Monday
Solutions to urban space problems usually involve a mere rearrangement of what can be seen. In London, the need to cram more and more into a fixed space demands “thinking big”, which has become a euphemism for “thinking up”. In the capital, as in other cities, developers are trying to fit as much as they can between the earth and the sky.
There are literally dozens of skyscraper projects planned or under way across London, most meeting with the eager approval of the mayor. But tall buildings in the wrong place can be a big problem, dwarfing the vernacular architecture, blocking light and historic views, and creating an inhuman cityscape of glass and steel. In fact Unesco is so alarmed by the possible transformation of London's skyline that there has been talk of putting the World Heritage sites of Westminster and the Tower of London on its danger list, alongside those in war zones such as Samarra in Iraq and the minaret at Jam in Afghanistan.
If we accept that there are problems with building up, perhaps it's time to consider looking down - not at our feet, but at the ground beneath. Maybe we should start thinking about what can be done with what we can't see.
Over the past few decades, London's flirtation with building below ground has been at best half-hearted; the capital is littered with abandoned underground caverns and tunnels built in more adventurous and ingenious times.
Unsurprisingly, it was the Victorians who first exploited the possibilities presented by what lies beneath. In 1860 they cut the first sod on what was to become the Hammersmith & City Line and, in the 80 years that followed until the Second World War, the bulk of the Tube we know today was created.
Too much time cowering in the dark from the Luftwaffe made us uneasy, though, and gave us a sense that the soaring architecture of the New World held the key to urban Utopia. Since the war there has been a slow retreat from life below ground.
Travelling on the Piccadilly Line, you pass through Down Street station, abandoned in 1932, one of nearly 40 such “ghost” stations on the network. If you walk along Oxford Street, a private Tube line runs 70ft below you. Operated by the Royal Mail until 2003, it stretches for 23 miles from Whitechapel to Paddington and now sits empty. Kingsway has a tram tunnel running its length, similarly disused. There are bunkers, caverns and tunnels across the capital, all quietly waiting for their time to come again.
Other cities have of course been burrowing for years. In Canada, they face not a space problem but an issue with the weather: when it's minus 25C, how do you keep people shopping? By digging of course.
Underneath downtown Toronto lies the PATH, an underground city stretching for 16 miles. With four million square feet of space, it is equivalent in size to 1.5 Empire State Buildings, employs 5,000 people in 1,200 shops and connects more than 50 surface buildings with five underground stations. Montreal has the same, only bigger. Paris, of course, has the Forum des Halles, a huge underground shopping mall, with a park on the roof. Delhi, Moscow, Tokyo and many others all take the same approach.
Our short-sighted reluctance to go under problems rather than to concrete over them has cost us dearly in the past. In the early Nineties the English countryside was horribly scarred by the M3 ploughing a huge gash through Twyford Down - a beautiful part of Hampshire lost for ever for want of a little imagination.
In fact once you start to use that imagination and think about what could go underground, all sorts of crazy ideas pop into your head. We could, for instance, drop the dual carriageway that currently blights the north side of the Thames into a tunnel below, replacing it with a four-mile long riverside park from Blackfriars to Battersea Bridge. Bypassing Parliament Square at the same time would allow it to be pedestrianised on two sides.
Similarly a tunnel could take traffic from the Edgware Road under Hyde Park and the gardens of Buckingham Palace and allow it to emerge south of Victoria station, where most of it is heading in any event.
The entire Hyde Park Corner interchange could be dropped below ground, and the three great parks of Central London could be united. You could walk from Parliament Square to Queensway, about three miles, without crossing a road. Park Lane would be freed up for redevelopment, and a grand new public square could be created at Marble Arch.
Does this all sound like another madcap scheme? Well, tell that to the madrileños, who are just putting the finishing touches to Madrid Calle 30, a project that has dropped 35 miles of urban motorway into tunnels, replacing them with parks and housing in the space created. Or tell the Bostonians or Sydneysiders who have both completed extensive urban tunnel projects in the past decade.
It really isn't that crazy. Tunnelling technology is now remarkably advanced. New machines for boring can cope with all kinds of terrain, so work can take place underground with little disturbance. And it isn't as expensive as you think. You can get a nice three-mile tunnel running under Central London for the same price as an Olympic stadium.
According to the AA, driving in a tunnel is twice as safe as on the surface and there are no pedestrians or cyclists to get in your way. Emissions can be collected and new techniques can “scrub” them from the air, allowing all of us to breath a little easier.
Building ever upwards will change London's character irreversibly. Digging down would beautify it immeasurably, and create some of the space the city desperately needs.
Kit Malthouse is a businessman and former Tory councillor and is standing for the London Assembly in 2008
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Errr.Please Sir, sir, sir, err excuse me, sir, sir
YES WHAT IS IT !!!!
err, Couldn't Road Congestion, Housing Shortages, Pollution Global Warming Targets, Crime, Food Shortages, Inner City Crowding, Prison Overcrowding, all be adressed by REDUCING THE POPULATION ?
Wouldn't the Country be better with fewer People and more Green Space & Trees.
i know it's a silly question sir, please forgive me and tell me where I am going wrong in my thinking.
Adrian Peirson, Luton, Beds
You've got to keep in mind that going underground increases building costs greatly. I live in Boston and the Big Dig is now up to US$16 billion. It's a huge amount of money to reclaim a few acres of park land. Plus groundwater is flooding in and is rotting the steel inside the cement. Experts are giving the tunnel a life expectancy of about 50 years. Compare that to the 100-year-old subway tunnels that are still in use, You pay a huge cost for going downward.
Dan Zee, Boston, MA
I've heard that London faces a potential problem which is a rising water table surrounding the Thames. This is a result of heavy industry moving away over the years resulting in decreased industrial water consumption and groundwater pumping.
Maybe you need to put some pumps in first.
SK, Lyon, France
A good idea.
However, the cynic in me envisages a scenario whereby all the usable underground space has been exploited, hence returning us to the status quo and seeking to build skyward again.
Rob Cheeseman, Derby, UK
I lived in Luxemburg for a few months in 1981. They built a multi-storey car park underground whilst I was there, and replaced all the grass, shrubs and flowers obove it once they'd finished. I've also been in underground multi-storey car parks in Germany. I can't see what the problem is in this country.
David Leslie, Perth, Scotland
Is there any room down there, amid the spaghetti of sewers, tube tunnels, service tunnels, ducting etc. And what about the danger of flooding? I thought global warming posed a risk of floods in future years even above ground.
Barry, Wallington, UK
I noticed a lot of urban motorways in tunnels in other European cities such as Brussels, Santa Cruz and las Palmas in the Canary islands and Oslo. The traffic flows freely belwo gorund and the surface has large public squares or maybe small, quiet suburban streets with lots of car parking.
Luke Nicolaides, London, UK
Tunnesl are good in some ways, but just wait until you have a crash, even a small one. For a big one, just think Mont Blanc and you see the problems.
John, Knutsford, UK
"We could, for instance, drop the dual carriageway that currently blights the north side of the Thames into a tunnel below"
Actually, we couldn't, because the District Line is already there under the Victoria Embankment between Blackfriars and Westminster, along with one of Bazalgette's main sewers.
I doubt the security services would like the idea of a tunnel underneath Buckingham Palace Gardens.
The Post Office should be made to reopen their underground railway, to keep their vans off the streets. Maybe TfL could fund it, as it would help reduce congestion. Unfortunately the southern end of the Kingsway tram tunnel under Waterloo Bridge was blocked when they built the Aldwych underpass, so reopening it isn't possible.
Those bits of the Tube which run in open cuttings (much of the Circle, District, Met and H&C lines) in central London could be covered over relatively easily with parks or public spaces.
Nick, London,
It is not Madrid Calle 30. Actually, the name is M-30, one of the peripheric motorways of the capital and undoubtedly the busiest. Now, parks and green areas cover the once noisy and polluted road. A wonder of the modern engineering, its 60 km include some of the longest and safest urban tunnels in the world. And it is not in its finishing touches. It was completed and inaugurated by the Mayor of Madrid last year.
Fernando, Madrid, Spain
It would be a little hard to tunnel under the embankment - the only reason it is there is because it's built on top of the sewers.
But why not pedestrianise Oxford Street and run a free underground hop-on, hop-off service along the abandoned Royal Mail line. It would take a load off the Central line and all the busses could terminate at Oxford Street.
Damian, London, UK
Perhaps there's no money to be made from roads going underground. Festooning what was once a beautiful capital city, with banks of ugly camera gantries and charging and fining people might even be a thing of the past.....I don't think so,with our pigmy politicians myopia and thirst for power and riches.
Josh Martin, Oxford, Gt. Britain
There is a simple reason why we don't dig. Cost.
Ground works are (a) very expensive and (b) risky. The problem is that you never know what you might find (underground rivers, undocumented wells or sewers, old building foundations, UXBs, archaeological sites, contamination).
Soil removed is also expensive to "dispose of" and may be treated and taxed as waste (even more so if contaminated).
Even when you have committed yourself to the cost and risk you are faced with the problem that London has looked downwards for so long. Crossrail was notoriously hampered by the fact that the Government refused to disclose to Cross-Rail what lay beneath Westminster. They had to submit a route blind and be told to go back and try again without knowing what the problem was.
Nice idea though. Burying traffic is a better idea than previous efforts to echo Hong Kong by transferring pedestrians to elevated walkways (as the London Wall walkway attempts)
Simon, London,
London is one of my favourite places in the world but I've never seen the problem with building upwards. Unlike some other European capitals, quite a lot of London was built post-war and doesn't particularly need preserving.
tony, rochester,
Absolutely. How else do we separate cars and people? Currently London is suffocating with congestion, made worse by putting in as many traffic lights as possible on the logic of making roads safer. The net effect is stationary vehicles and a not so pleasant experience for anyone on foot. If key arterial roads were put under major green spaces (Clapham Common, Hyde Park, Blackheath, ...) this would allow the roads to run fluidly, solving some of our congestion issues, whilst providing safer and fresher open green spaces. And with space such an issue, why not build arterial roads on top of railway lines? A little imagination and London could far better use its fantastic inheritance. But then again, with design by committee, is that ever likely to happen?
Harry, London,
While it's an interesting idea that is certainly worth looking at, you might want to avoid mentioning Boston's "Big Dig" when making your case. Massive cost overruns, years of delays, and horrendous transport disruption made Bostonians a very disagreeable bunch for a decade or so - and they weren't that agreeable to begin with!
C Heathcote, Tonbridge,
A 23 mile tunnel to get from Whitechapel to Paddington? No wonder the post takes so long.
Jonathan, London,
The charm of London was its lack of skyscrapers and not being a clone of so many other cities, with their giant tombstone skies.
Going underground has good possibilities. I have always enjojed shopping underground.
margie, victoria, australia
Why not copy the Japanese and the UAE and build a few artificial islands to relieve your space problems? Things like airports and prisons take up a lot of room, and don't need to be on the mainland. Transfer a few prisons and or/airports to artificial islands, knock down the ones taking up space on the mainland and replace with parks and housing. You could recoup some of the costs of building the islands by selling formerly occupied public land to developers, and it would create a lot of direct and indirect jobs -- both in building the islands and in building on the formerly occupied land. .
MaryJ , San Francisco , Calif.
I lived in Toronto for 14 years. PATH is really quite amazing. Go for it, London!
Peter Orme, Nanaimo, BC , Canada