A.C. Grayling
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When Eliot Spitzer, the Governor of New York, appeared before the media after being heard, on an FBI wiretap, arranging a tryst with a prostitute, he apologised for having “acted in a way that violates my obligation to my family and violates my, or any, sense of right or wrong”. This form of words implies that his fault was to seek paid-for sex, and no doubt plenty of people agree, chiefly those who are for marital fidelity or against prostitution or both.
But what made it impossible for Mr Spitzer to remain in office, despite trying to describe what he did as a private matter, was that during his public life he presented himself as a moral crusader. He gained a reputation as an anti-corruption campaigner who, in two terms as New York State's attorney-general, not only exposed financial shenanigans on Wall Street but dismantled two big prostitution rings, in the process proclaiming his revulsion and anger at their existence.
In short, Mr Spitzer's chief crime was hypocrisy. If anyone ever needs a clear-cut example of this failing, Mr Spitzer provides it - as does the “Praise the Lord” preacher Jim Bakker, brought down by scandals about alleged rape and fraud, and, even more so, Jimmy Swaggart, who exposed Bakker and described him as a “cancer in the body of Christ”, only to be himself found consorting with prostitutes. (Memorably he told his congregation, after the revelations, that “the Lord told me it's flat none of your business”.)
In all these cases public professions and private behaviour not only contradict one another, but do so in a particular way. The public professions are claims to virtue and high standards, yet the private behaviour consists of what the public professions proscribe. If someone publicly supported prostitution but privately did not engage the services of prostitutes, no one would call him a hypocrite. It is the twofold fact that virtue is claimed, but dishonestly and consciously so, that is the key. In its original Greek meaning, “hypocrite” meant an actor, and was a morally neutral term; it has gained its pejorative meaning because the acting in question is such a repulsive lie.
All this said, Spitzer-type cases have the unfortunate consequence that many cases of failure to live up to ideals are misidentified as cases of hypocrisy, and - even less fairly - the word gets misapplied to examples of human frailty (or just to human nature expressing itself in all the naturalness of its needs and desires) when in fact there was no claim to special virtue in the first place.
Politicians and preachers are the prime targets for accusations of hypocrisy, almost exclusively in matters of sex and money. True, they have only themselves to blame if they pretend to live by high moral standards and then find front pages of newspapers covered with photographs of themselves sucking toes not attached to their wives.
But there is a difference between people who lay claim to such virtue but who practise what they themselves define as its opposite, and those who make no such claims. Many people assume that certain public roles automatically carry with them expectations of traditional sexual virtues, and in some cases they are right - for example clerics, school teachers, doctors - and in some cases not right - for example politicians (unless they proclaim themselves squeaky-clean), city traders, bus drivers.
If the charge of hypocrisy is bandied about too much, it masks the important fact that there is no dishonesty, and no shame, in sincerely wishing to attain certain ideals, but not getting there. That, after all, is a common human experience. The philosophers of classical antiquity endlessly discussed the problem of “knowing the better but doing the worse”, which some thought of as a product of weakness of will, others as self-deception, others as a fact about the difficulties, constraints, temptations and complexities in the human condition.
The key word is “sincerely”; the central feature of hypocrisy is precisely the lack of sincerity. And of course it is easy for people insincerely to claim sincerity, as yet another layer cloaking their hypocrisy. But although people can hide from the nastier truths about themselves for long periods, there is some satisfaction in knowing that not everyone can do this completely, and that especially includes hypocrites. Knowing that one has been hypocritical about something is no small punishment in its own right.
In their relentless pursuit of sensation and scandal the media are always too quick to describe ordinary failings as hypocrisy. There are familiar cultural differences in this; French newspapers would only label a married politician as a hypocrite because he or she has a lover if that politician had publicly advocated marital fidelity. In our Anglo-Saxon world with its adolescent, sniggering and apprehensive attitude to anything sexual, it does not matter whether a politician has said anything at all about sexual morals; a mistress, a prostitute, a visit to a gay bar means open season.
It would be refreshing if the Spitzer case focused attention on the real meaning of hypocrisy, thus putting a limit on the hypocritical use of “hypocrisy” as a blanket witch-hunting term in the moral sphere. We might all be able to think more clearly and judge more fairly as a result.
A.C.Grayling is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London
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Problem is Spizer, or at least his public conduct, did lay "claim to special virtue in the first place". It is, in my view, immaterial whether or not he failed to "to live up to ideals" or if his "human nature expressing itself in all the naturalness of its needs and desires" . He acted as a hypocrite. However I do agree with with main premise, we do have immature attitude towards so called "moral failings" of those who are in power or in public spotlight. Thank you for this thoughtful dissertation.
OM, Sacramento, USA,
Solomon did have more than 600 wives and the arabs of today
are permitted to have more than 2 wives.
So, what is the point of mentioning the above anecdotes ?
That men, by nature, are not satisfied by having just one wife or partner. They get bored by the day to day routine after so many years.
And so they go out looking for what they cannot find at home or
just for the sake of a new excitement or because their wives are unwilling or because the same are plain cold-hearted.
Or perhaps these wives are mean spirited and while making love they just lay flat on their back reading a kinky magazine, chewing a piece of gum and smoking a cigarrete......and every once in a while shouting to their husbands: Hurry up, you damn turkey !
The whole act will call for an encore.
Men & women would get more kicks from the magazines than from the real thing.
That is the perception we get from reading the latest
survey in the USA on the slowdown of sex-drive among american partners.
Jose Cabrera, Puebla, Mexico
Siptzer was pursuing & prosecuting prostitution rings Monday through Friday, then using their services on Saturday and Sunday. We can quibble as to whether his actions Monday though Friday were hypocritical, or it was those on Saturday and Sunday, but even AC must concede hypocrisy was involved.
Carl Erts, Washington, DC, USA
I would say members of the public are hypocritical when they complain of Prince Charles re-marrying, when so many of us re-marry.
Are you saying that is an incorrect usage Prof. Grayling?
Keith S, Winnipeg, Canada
Professor Grayling perhaps forgets the WAY Spitzer handled those who failed to follow his public morality. He sent his troops into their offices, handcuffed them, and then paraded them in front of the media, in the famed "perp-walk".
This was more than mere hypocrisy! He went out of his way to humiliate them, before they were even indicted, much less convicted.
Yes, there was much schadenfreude when this bully finally got his own public humiliation.
Harvey S. Frey, Santa Monica, CA
Professor Grayling is roughly right, but there is still some ambiguity. Hypocrisy is not saying one thing and doing another; it is saying one thing and meaning another. If I strongly advise friends that smoking is foolish and dangerous, and that they should on no account practise it, provided this is my honest opinion it is nothing to the point if they discover me to be a private smoker. They may fairly consider me a poor role model but not a hypocrite.
Whether Mr Spitzer has behaved hypocritically depends on whether or not he holds a genuine opinion that prostitution is a social evil to be prosecuted by the law. If he does, his private behaviour is irrelevant to the accusation. Not that that is likely to help him much.
W Geer, London, UK
On the contrary, the British people have been in a dream state for the past 50 years. When they should have spoken out they kept quiet thinking perhaps their leaders would look after things. Under a misguided belief their one vote would keep them safe for eternity. Now they find it is too late. Now they find they have been over-run. Now they find they have living among them people who hate them. Even the media are now afraid to say anything. The people are hamstrung in that they are unable to criticize or get printed any criticism of the situation. The schools are full of multicultural propergander. The only people who know the full story are dying out and the young ones are brainwashed.
Roy Smith, Tauranga, New Zealand
The trouble is, Mr Spitzer left himself open to blackmail, even if the threat was just to tell his wife. Prostitution is well known for criminal involvement. Professor Grayling holds up the French example, but in truth a great deal of unhappiness is caused by their attitude. Plus, if a man's wife and family cannot trust him, why should we trust him to carry out his political duties honestly? It takes a great deal of barefaced nerve to lie to the person you live your life with.
Kate G, London, United Kingdom
Most 48 year-old men, married or not, would jump at the chance to have a 'liaison' with a pretty, firm-bodied 22 year-old female. The only problem is that most of us, in front of an audience of our peers and strangers alike, act like we're whiter than white.
The only reason why his enemies are lining up to crucify Spitzer is because they haven't been caught doing what they spend most of their waking hours fantasising about! Not to mention the fact that some of them have been investigated by him in the past.
John, London,
The reason Spitzer has all the condemantion and schadenfreude because he based his whole career on a totally ascetic puritanism where he was purer than pure. I am afraid most people are a little less sympathetic in these circumstances than if it happens to someone with a more relaxed persona.
MikeS, London,
Hypocrisy certainly involves a little more than simply not living up to one's ideals all the time. A very strong component involves criticising and/or targeting others for not living up to an ideal you have no intention of attempting to achieve yourself. Where that criticism is levelled specifically for one's own benefit, it is even more reprehensible.
Angela, Cheltenham, NSW
Is this making philosophy, and ethics in particular relevant and accessible?
This is a question of breaking the law, a law that is supported in the community. The liberal attitude of prostitution as victim less crime fails community standards. Spitzer only resigned because of community pressure.
Yes this is a high price for public life. Spitzer knew this , and has paid for his moral failing publically. He should now be procescuted as an example to others. This is a necessary public spectacle.
Michael, Melbounre, Austrlai
"Many people assume that certain public roles automatically carry with them expectations of traditional sexual virtues, and in some cases they are right - for example clerics, school teachers, doctors... " Why is this so? Well, i can understand, that a cleric preaching marital fidelity would be expected to abide by those rules, but why teachers and doctors? Is a doctor who lives in a monogamous (presumably heterosexual) relationship or ,alternatively , in celibacy better at diagnosing ailments, than a one who doesn' t? If so i'd like to see some proof. And what about teachers? If a teachers ability to teach is not affected by what they get up to in the privacy of his/her bedroom in his/her own time, why is it anyone else's business?
Mikko, Lahti, Finland
AC Grayling is wrong. Spitzer had to resign because using prostitutes is a crime in Washington, DC and New York State. He may have to go to jail, or at least pay a fine, for it. Committing a crime while behaving as a anti-crime crusader and a governor with the ultimate power to rule over capital cases, is like the good professor of philosophy not believing in logic. If Spitzer had committed adultery with the gardener's wife, he would have been shamed, but he would not have had to resign.
Elaine, Egham,
Actually, Professor Grayling, it would not be refreshing or even logical. By your own definition Spitzer is a hypocrite, even if other, less moralistic politicians in the same predicament would not be. So, I would suggest you save this article for another, more appropriate occasion.
Roland Mahoney, London,
I would say we are too slow as a nation still in criticising our lords and masters !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ian Payne, WALSALL,