Theodore Dalrymple
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It is unusual for politicians to face up to the obvious, but the Scottish Executive seems for once to have done so: it has recognised what has long stared it in the face, namely that dishing out methadone to drug addicts is not the answer to their problems or to the problems that they cause society. A different approach is needed.
Perhaps in 100 years historians will wonder why so many of the governing elite, from senior doctors to Cabinet ministers, persisted for so long in the belief that doling out methadone was the answer. The explanation, I think, will be that they wilfully misunderstood the nature of the problem.
Many years ago I used to dole out methadone like the best (or the worst) of them. This was before I thought at all deeply about the question of drug addiction and accepted uncritically all that I had been taught about it by doctors senior to me. I began to change my opinion when I worked in prison where it was the clinical policy to give addicts methadone. I noticed that, far from creating an atmosphere of contentment and satisfaction, it created one of perpetual tension and irritation. Shortly after having been prescribed a dose, the prisoner would return and say, in an intimidating fashion: “It's not holding me, doc, it's just not holding me,” and sometimes announce that, unless he was prescribed more, he would end up attacking other prisoners, and then it would be the doctor's fault.
In Scotland the great majority of addicts prescribed methadone by their doctors never stop taking it, and most of them take other drugs as well. A particularly dangerous combination of drugs is methadone and benzodiazepines (drugs such as Valium), and yet drug clinics and other doctors persist in prescribing this often fatal combination - largely, I suspect, because they are too frightened of their patients to refuse them anything.
The number of people admitted to hospital having taken a dangerous overdose of methadone (556 in 2006-07) is greater, proportionately, than the number of people admitted to hospital having taken a dangerous overdose of heroin (1,530 cases). In Dublin recently, more people have died of methadone poisoning than of heroin overdose. The supposed cure causes as many problems as the supposed disease. If addicts prescribed methadone are given the opportunity to divert it on to the black market, they will: which suggests that they do not really need it in the first place.
In France, addicts are often prescribed a different drug, buprenorphine, which soon became the street drug of preference in Finland, to which it was illegally re-exported by the addicts. More recently, a huge epidemic of buprenorphine addiction has occurred in Georgia (the ex-Soviet republic), numbering scores of thousands of addicts, who take buprenorphine diverted from France. If the addicts really needed the drugs, they would take them rather than divert them on to a black market.
In the prison in which I used to work, a buprenorphine tablet that had been prescribed for an addict to alleviate the symptoms of withdrawal from heroin on arrival in the prison, and which an addict had put in his mouth and spat out for sale to another prisoner, was known as a “furry” because of its rough surface. Again, this suggests that addicts did not really need what they were prescribed, and that the whole basis of prescription was flawed.
The fundamental error that the Scottish Executive has now admitted is in having regarded addiction to heroin as a technical medical problem, to be solved by technical medical means. But that old approach amounts to a surrender to blackmail: give me what I want or I will continue to behave badly and to hold you responsible for the ill-effects of my own behaviour.
Suppose we gave money to burglars to induce them to stop burgling. No doubt most of them would stop for a length of time depending upon how much we gave them. But this does not mean that money is the treatment of the dreadful disease of burglary, or because we prevented certain individuals from continuing to burgle it means that we had reduced the disease of burglary in society as a whole. Rather, we would have encouraged its spread.
This is precisely the logic that has been applied to drug addiction. Just how precisely is evident from the Government's recent declared policy that clinics should now give drug addicts money or other rewards for not taking drugs (as least as proved by drug-free urine samples, something experienced drug addicts have long learnt to provide). This is the first time in the history of medicine, so far as I know, that bribery has been considered a medical treatment.
Contrary to what everyone supposes, withdrawal from heroin is not a serious medical condition - unlike, say, withdrawal from alcohol when it results in delirium tremens (the DTs). The suffering is grossly exaggerated and, in so far as it is genuine, is largely produced by anticipatory anxiety that is itself the consequence of years of mythologising the fearsomeness of withdrawal.
Addiction to heroin is a medical problem only to a minor extent, which is why predominantly medical means will never solve the problem. Most of Britain's 300,000 addicts are drawn from broken families, have a poor education, are without much hope for (or for that matter fear of) the future and have no cultural life, intellectual interests or religious belief. Delusory euphoria - the paradise at three pence a bottle that De Quincey described in his Confessions of an English Opium Eater - is the best that they think that they can hope for in life. This is not a medical problem. Where addiction is concerned, it is time to throw physic to the dogs.
Theodore Dalrymple is a retired prison doctor and author of Junk Medicine: Doctors, Lies and the Addiction Bureaucracy
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I was addicted to heroin for 10 years, I used methadone to get clean once,I didn't use other drugs on top and I kept my job.I became addicted again years later and this time got clean with morphine pills.Methadone is a worse cluck than heroin, not as intense but MUCH longer,Oh + withdrawal is HELL
david, Ely, uk
It was the withdrawal of perscribed heroin that led to this mess in the first place. the reason addicts sell there methadone is to buy more heroin,Iv met hundreds of addicts and I can safely say this is the main reason.
walt, liverpool, england
Theodore Dalrymple's idea is worth considering from one point only. Cut off the supply of methadone to addicts & there would be such an enormous rise in property crime, as addicts denied methadone return to crime to avoid withdrawal, that the utter folly of drug prohibition would be finally exposed.
Adam , London, UK
I actualy read this article in my local drug clinic and was disgusted at what I was reading. I myself was a heroin addict at age 14, I am 24 now and have been clean since age 19. I tried many different ways to get clean and eventualy methadone helped me to rid myself of that painfull existence.
ciaran, basildon, england
Our drug culture does play a part. For example in Saudi Arabia alcoholism is rare as alcohol is prohibited. And I would of never started if it was not around with great regret but then again Addiction is a disease, where MMT can take a lifetime to combat successfully that gives the wrong impression.
Angus , Aberdeen, Scotland
They sell the heroin substitutes and buy heroin with the money so it's not that they don't need them it's that they want heroin not substitutes.
anne, London,
It's no business of mine if a person wishes to enjoy drugs.
What does concern me is when the illegality and subsequent cost of those drugs means I am more likely to robbed by a desperate addict and more likely to shell out a fortune in taxes combating drug dealers and locking them up.
Legalise
Seamus Smith, Durham,
Angus, the problem is not really methadone or herion. The problem is addiction and susbstance abuse. I would dispute Dr Dalrymple's claim that selling on drugs implies that addicts do not need them. What is means is that they wish to trade for something else. They have no intention of stopping.
Isadora, London,
Excellent article, spoiled by the deliberate failure to recognise the Scottish Government rather than the former downgraded term of Scottish Executive.
Brian Hill, Edinburgh,
The problem is the black market. If the drugs were legally available drug addicts would only take what they themselves needed.
Martyn, London, UK
Dere Williams should realise that this attitude is partly to blame. If all non users were united against illegal activities we would have a chance of getting others clean. The attitude 'it doesn't affect me' is alright until something does affect you.
tiny, Birmingham, England
Addiction is not just a medical problem. I also agree with your statement that physical withdrawl is not the issue; a common delusion amongst addicts. However I have seen that methadone can give a positive level of stability for some; in terms of emotional health and reduced criminal activity.
JD, LONDON,
withdrawal from Methadone is worse than withdrawal from Heroin. Anyway to think Methadone will work without the other things-a purpose in life and social support that includes some helpful people is a hopeless idea..one obvious answer is a job plus attendance at courses including Bible study.
mmackenzie, manchester, uk
Perhaps the answer is to let the drug addicts live in the pro-drugs campaigners' homes. The pro-drugs campaigners can look after the addicts and subsidise the drugs without any outside help or money to prove that their way is the best way.
Carolyn, Surbiton,
Thank you Dr. Dalrymple.
The long term use of methadone has been actively promoted for far too long. This highly addictive substance keeps people in treatment, whilst preventing their entry into drug free recovery. It is an established fact that those on methadone continue to use other drugs.
Peter O'Loughlin, Beckenham BR3 3AT, England
As a hospital doc ive seen many patients withdraw from heroin on the ward. Sure they become mildly agitated for 1 to 2 days they may even have diarrhoea. But thats it. Its not the life threatening medical condition that is alcohol withdrawal. I have to agree with the author, methadone isnt working
Steve, leicester,
Addiction? When the Communists took over in China there were 45 million opium addicts thereabouts. A year later there were no addicts. Problem solved.
ian cheese, london, uk
I have had the DTs after drinking 1Lt of Vodka a day for a year, and the result was hallucinations of ants crawling all over me, vomiting and shaking, this I know was not just some sort of gross exaggeration and I have tried cold turkey, it really is the abyss of hell in relation to the DTs!
Angus , Aberdeen, Scotland
junkies sell their methadone or buprenorphine( in my experience) to get money to buy heroin. that only suggests that those medicines are not working to their purpose. Withdrawals ARE uncomfortable, especially the constand reminder that a bit of h will relieve you of all discomfort.
torger, oslo, norway
I've read this "pull yourself together" prescription from this doctor before. People who can solve their addiction by an effort of will are not addicts by definition. The person who destroys his or her life pursuing a fix needs help.
Kevin Straw, Leicester,
So the alternative to methadone prescriptions is....suggest to the addicts they give up their addiction and never give it a second thought? Give them a bible? Back in the real world methadone prescriptions have demonstrably cut crime more than any other single policy AND helped countless individuals
Danny, London,
Methadone is not the problem, but heroin is. This is a social virus thats ruining peoples lives by storm. Everyone seems to be focusing on the result, people on methadone, than the cause, people importing heroin. How stopping the prescribing of methadone is going to help this I would like to know?
Angus , Aberdeen, Scotland
I'm a housing worker, and many of my clients are on methadone permanently . and not really leaving the sphere of drug use.
Would it change if drug-workers were paid by final outcomes?
-However-
Keeping in touch with drug-users is difficult - this works without courts or mental health teams
Ali, Sheffield, UK
Of ocurse, if heroin addiction were not treated as a criminal thing in the first place, we wouldn't have many of the problems we do have.
So what if people want to be addicted? That's fine by me as long as they're not robbing me. End prohibition, simple as.
Dere Williams, Norwich, UK
I have to agree with Rob, heroin withdrawal is a very harrowing experience. Without apportioning blame as to whether they have brought it on themselves, is someone lying awake upto 20 nights in a row, sweating , shaking, vomiting really the result of "anticipatory anxiety".
david, london, london
The govenrment could merely introduce a deadly strain of heroine so strong that anyone taking it would die. Of course they would advise the public of this course of action well in advance. Why anyone taking drugs is anyone elses responsibility is beyond me.
John, Egremont, Cumbria
The fact that addiction rates continue to soar is testimony to our failure to manage drug addiction properly. Unless we have logical evidence based policy we are going are not going to solve the problem. I believe there is a lot of evidence for prescribing heroin for heroin addicts.
Claire Noons, Leeds,
It's nice to read an article by someone with some common sense. The propaganda used to promote the use of methadone is no different than the propaganda used to sell a used automobile. And the methadone community seems to answer any comment against it as someone must be uneducated.
mike, LA, USA
The real facts of methadone maintenance have been rejected and/or hid for over 3 decades until it became available for pain management in the U.S. It seems here that an entire industry has been built under the radar of the common people, and I am glad to see the # of deaths and other facts known.
mike, LA, USA
I don't know what addicts you observed in their cushy cells in prison with free meals but for most addicts withdrawal is a living hell even more so when you're holding down a job,(i.e not lying in a prison bunk all day) which many heroin addicts actually do contrary to popular opinion.
Rob, Glasgow,