Geoffrey Alderman
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Academic standards are in decline in many British universities. Students who would once have been failed their degrees pass, and students who would once have been awarded respectable lower seconds are now awarded upper seconds and even firsts.
Students - British as well as those from overseas - commence their studies with levels of English so poor that universities run remedial English courses to ensure at least basic literacy. Cheating is rampant, encouraged partly by lenient penalties.
How do I know all this? Part of the evidence is statistical. Over the past decade the number of firsts has more than doubled, while the undergraduate population has increased by less than a half. The standard leaving qualification for most students is now an upper second - the lower second is an endangered species and the third on the verge of extinction.
A recent survey by the Higher Education Academy suggested that, of 9,000 or so cases of plagiarism recorded last year, only 143 resulted in expulsion. The survey pointed to an alarming variation in penalties. In many mainly post-1992 “new” universities, lecturers must take national, ethnic and even social background into account when punishing cheaters.
But statistical evidence is no more than a signpost. In recent years I have become alarmed and depressed at the number of inquiries I receive from usually young scholars just embarking on their careers and coming under intolerable managerial pressure to pass students who should fail and to “massage” students into higher qualifications.
It is not only probationer lecturers who are victims. Last year Paul Buckland, Professor of Environmental Archaeology at Bournemouth University, resigned in protest at the decision of university authorities that 13 students whom he - and a formal examinations board - judged to have failed a course should be passed. In so doing, the authorities appear to have endorsed the view of a senior official - an official, mind you, not an academic - that students should have been able to pass merely on the basis of lecture notes, without doing the required reading.
Universities UK should have issued a formal public rebuke. Its silence on this and similar cases is a scandal. Faced with criticism that academic standards are being dumbed down, British vice-chancellors customarily point to the external examiner system as a guarantee that it cannot happen.
It can and does. In the typically modularised degree system run by the now typical university, external examiners - academic specialists from other institutions - no longer oversee the entire assessment process, and are not permitted to review individual grades. Their job, at most, is simply to ensure as best they can that correct procedures are applied. To quote from an e-mail I received yesterday from an external examiner, “the externals are not permitted to alter marks or comment on individual scripts in any way. Their function is to comment merely on adherence to procedures. I complained about this repeatedly, to no avail.”
How has higher education got itself into this mess? An insidious managerial culture obsessed with league tables and newspaper rankings is partly to blame. The more firsts and upper seconds a university awards, the higher its ranking is likely to be. So each university looks closely at the grading criteria used by its near rivals in the league tables, and if they are using more lenient schemes, the argument is put about that “peer” institutions must do the same. The upholding of academic standards is replaced by a grotesque “bidding” game, in which standards are sacrificed on the altar of public image, as reflected in the rankings.
This is only part of the problem. League tables are here to stay. A robust university management, however jealous for its own reputation, will never let them dictate the terms upon which its guards its academic standards. Part of the problem stems from gross underfunding. Non-EU students attract full fees, and have become a lucrative source of cash. Failing or expelling a non-EU student can have serious implications. Was this, I wonder, why at one university last year, a lecturer was criticised for neglecting to give “token credits” to failures? In the modern, mass higher education system, there must be prizes for all, because the student is the customer and the customer must have something for his money.
What can be done about these evils? British universities are self-regulating, and I would not want it any other way. But with self-regulation comes responsibility. The representative bodies, and the Quality Assurance Agency to which all their members subscribe, should summon the courage to name and shame miscreant institutions, and perhaps even to suspend them.
Ultimately, the buck stops in the vice-chancellor's office and with the governing body that is legally responsible for the general character of the education at the university. Quality in higher education cannot be reduced to a simplistic rankings list, however appealing rankings may be to newspapers and their readers, not to mention university governors whose attention span (it seems) cannot extend beyond a set of numerical performance indicators.
When a professor says that a student should fail, the wise vice-chancellor will support that decision, and the governors will publicly congratulate both for putting first standards rather than student retention and “customer satisfaction”.
Geoffrey Alderman is Professor of Politics and Contemporary History at the University of Buckingham and a former chairman of the University of London's academic council
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If standards are falling partly as a result of foreign students,why is it that more companies are relocating to Asia and other parts of the world mainly because of their skill level.
I would have thought, falling standards has its origin from the softly softly GCSE that was introduced years ago
Guz, Birmingham, UK
If gyms followed the lead currently set by universities all the machines would be set to offer little or no resistance. As a result, you'd feel pleased that you'd apparently achieved so much, whilst in reality achieving nothing at all. For some students to shine, others have to fail.
Clint, Brighton, UK
I was astonished to see advertised at my workplace (Canada's third largest university) a workshop on "Sentence Structure & Punctuation for Students". The astonishing thing is that one presumed students knew grammar before getting into university. Alas, we also have a dining etiquette workshop.
Patrick, Toronto, Canada
As a student in the 1970s, knowing that colleagues failed and were thrown out of university was actually seen as evidence by me and my fellow students that we were at a good university. As with A levels, the current approach will ultimately lead to everyone getting firsts which will then be useless
Clive, Chichester, UK
I teach at Liverpool U. I have stopped failing students because it means penalising myself: Resits during the summer hols with compulsory attendance for lecturer? Silly. 300% increase of students, 10% increase of staff. Go figure. Appeal threats - be safe and give a 2.1. The problem is structural.
Fred Caprivi, Manchester,
The failure of teaching in the production of diplomas and degrees is a mere theoretical measure of ability. What really matters is what students actually learn for themselves. Those who know something will succeed: those that do not know will fail whatever the parchment says. It is always thus
Brian Lewis, Manila, Philippines
Any statistic that is adopted as a target becomes useless as a measure. Here it is applicable to degrees, but it applies in almost all social areas (think performance bonuses, NHS waiting times, police crime stats, etc). human nature is to fudge the numbers without fixing the underlying problems.
Charles, Charlottesville,
Same in US, where "non-traditional" students go to online schools. Many are illiterate; computerised class is no help. No proctors for exams, no "face time" for students, and for faculty, pressure from admin to keep up "persistence rates." What is the value of the degree? Yet schools get federal $.
Lina, Auckland, New Zealand
Readers of this article need to be aware that the problems exposed by G. Alderman do not occur in all British universities. It is true that student intakes have risen, and that there are more 2:1's and Firsts. However, standards remain high in most institutions.
Vinay , Egham, UK
I am still prepared to believe that our best universities can withstand these pressures - ex-Polys cannot. This problem will grow with the myopic plan to shovel 50 % of students into a 'university'. In addition to a 40 % drop out rate, we can expect 20 % to pass when by judgement they should fail.
Alan Gooch, Honiton,
I too worry about the reliance on international students, particularly at postgraduate level. In some cases, our PGTs and PGRs are almost 80% international and I work at a Russell Group institution. What happens when we have no British academics left?
Viv, Uk,
Currently studying Masters level and being a helpful sort of chap I find myself constantly assisting students from far eastern countries with basic English. They have all attended the Uni remedial classes, but to little effect. I am not sure that their fees £9,000 are really good value for money.
Boris, London, UK
I am an academic currently working in a leading UK University and Prof Alderman's conclusion is spot on! The self-serving target-driven culture imposed by our bureaucrat class has done, and is doing, enormous damage to standards. We all know it's true but the system will crush anyone who speaks out.
John Smith, Edinburgh, UK
Read Physics at Oxford - joined ICI.
Left ICI -to be self employed.
Why?
ICI was full of lazy Graduates (Technical Officers - TOs) who didn't work because that was down to the non graduates (Experimental Officers - EOs).
England needs more doers and fewer papier mache graduates.
Ivan de Nemethy, London, UK
It's all about money.
Money for the institution. Money for the senior management. Money for the Professors. It's the same in the secondary school sector.
Short sighted, but that's the game we have been playing in the UK for the best part of 30 years.
John Jenkins, York,
I have recently discovered that plagiarism is usual for secondary teaching in certain far eastern countries. It is a communal effort. Everyone copies each other to come up with identical essays. Full marks students and teacher. It must be very difficult to break that habit when studying in the UK.
Boris, London, UK
Targets and league tables will always lead to corruption the evidence of which is all around us. UK Institutions that indulge in this practice should be named and shamed. We will all suffer the future consequences of this behaviour.
We are selling out for managerial egotisim and bonuses
Elizabeth, Glasgow,
In China you can't matriculate for any university course (even 'soft' ones) without the equivalent of a 'B'grade at A-level maths. How long till we send our children there for a prestige education?
Eric Skelton, Cardiff, Wales
We can already see the results of 'anything passes' in schools, where the blind are leading the blind, and of course seeing nothing wrong.
Graham Rounce, London, UK
Geoffrey Alderman's conclusions confirm those of a television documentary on Solent "university" four years ago: that students are awarded degrees despite sometimes appalling work. It's the result of a increasingly competitive and ultimately highly damaging educational climate.
Paul Slater, Bournemouth , England
There is no emphasis on "customer satisfaction." The customer of education is business. Business is most emphatically not satisfied.
Base the league tables on the salaries subsequently earned by alumni. Then you just might start to pay attention to the customers' needs.
Ian Kemmish, Biggleswade, UK
Having postgraduated last year from a UK university after completing my studies in France, I concur: non-EU students benefit from lower standards when assessed, and their number is growing. What result in 10 years or so ?
Vianney, Paris, France
I teach at LSE, and am external examiner at Royal Holloway College, Economics. I see as many scripts and pieces of assessed work as I like, and can adjust marks as I see fit, not just for individual papers, but for individual questions. Standards remain high at our best univs.
Tim Leunig, London, UK
Excellent article. Answer? Stop awarding degrees in 'meeja studies' and sociology which require no intelligence whatsoever.. Only worthwhile degrees such as medicine, science, law and engineering should be available. Anything else is just an application for the unemployment line.
Jay, London,
Of course the statistical interpretation is flawed: it only works if achievement can be measured objectively and standards have not changed, but grades have. If students genuinely have improved (much like average IQ levels have risen, although this is a poor comparator), then the analysis collapses.
John Scott, London,
In view of our conversation last week I thought you would find this interesting
Ian Walker, Croydon Park, Australia
Universities need to focus on a commitment to education and creating communities committed to knowledge and learning. They need to be less obsessive about peer group comparisons. Difficult in the age of league tables, but necessary!
Michael Lower, Ma On Shan, Hong Kong SAR
This is global problem. In Australia, exactly the same problem occurs for exactly the same reason - reliance on overseas students and their full fee paying status. One University should go "old school" and insist on high standards for entry and progress. Demand for its graduates woud soar!!
David Inches, Sydney, Australia
I am Scottish and born mid thirties. My Mother barely finished her schooling about five years earlier.She "Matriculated" from "High School" Rutherglen Academy - 18 subjects out of 21 and the pass mark was between 60% and 80%.
Todays students have difficulty reading the tyre pressures of their cars
John Turnbull, Lagos. (Glasgow), Portugal