Matthew Syed
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The Olympic Games are built on a series of fictions, but one myth towers above all others. It is that the four-yearly festival is a bastion of meritocracy, where success is determined by hard work and talent rather than privilege. This is central to the Games's global appeal and is particularly powerful because it chimes with common sense. Is not sport about the objective measurement of ability, leaving little room for entrenched privilege? Has not the Olympics been the traditional arena for the underdog?
Well, no.
Look beyond the propaganda and you will find that 58 per cent of Great Britain's gold-medal winners at Athens in 2004 went to independent schools. You will also find that in the past three Olympics 45 per cent of medal winners went to the non-state sector. Given that only 7 per cent of children attend independent schools, and assuming that sporting talent is spread evenly, this is a striking demonstration of how Olympic success is driven by wealth as well as by ability. Either way, the 93 per cent who attend state schools are chronically under-represented.
But this is as nothing compared with the global imbalance. India, for example, a country with almost one fifth of the world's population, won less than a fifth of 1 per cent of the medals available in Athens - one out of a total of 826. Africa, a continent dripping with sporting talent, won only 4 per cent of them. Can you think of a single global institution that is less equitable?
The reason for this shameful imbalance is not difficult to find - when the French aristocrat Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the modern Olympic movement he packed it with sports affordable only to his fellow aristocrats, thus excluding the Third World. The legacy of the baron's patrician bias is still with us today: in Beijing, rowing has 14 medal events, sailing 11 and equestrianism 6. If the International Olympic Committee believes that these sports are accessible to anyone beyond a tiny clique in the Western world it is even more deluded than previously thought.
Take the Yngling sailing event for women - at which Great Britain won gold in 2004. Only about four crews at present compete in the UK, with fewer than 100 competitive crews on the planet. Why? Because it costs more than £20,000 to buy a decent boat. You may as well include Formula One in the Olympics. In rowing, sailing and equestrianism there were 186 medals on offer at the last Olympics. Not one was won by an athlete from a low-income nation.
Perhaps the most amusing aspect of all this is how we respond to our success in such sports. Even some of our more intelligent commentators have convinced themselves that Sir Steve Redgrave is the greatest living Olympian for winning five successive golds in rowing, not seeming to realise that the sport is so elitist that it is virtually nonexistent across much of the planet. I suggest that Redgrave would not have qualified for a single Olympic final, let alone won any, had rowing been accessible to, say, 1 per cent of the population of Africa - a continent that dominates running, in which the only equipment needed is decent shoes.
It is striking that Britain's medal success generally comes in sports that are not merely expensive but that are also so unpopular that athletes cannot earn enough from prize-money and endorsements to support themselves. Success in these sports - such as rowing, sailing and track cycling - can essentially be bought by siphoning off money from the public purse and handing it to the athletes who are then able to train like professionals.
Indeed, it is a cause for self-congratulation rather than discomfiture in the sporting community that the improved success of British athletes in recent years has been achieved by outspending many of our rivals. That is not to take anything away from the athletes, who are hard-working and talented. It is merely to say that success in sport - like in the agricultural market - is easier when it receives huge state subsidies.
We will see this phenomenon once again in Beijing. Get ready for the smugness if we achieve more success in track cycling, with commentators proclaiming that we Brits are endowed with pedalling genius. The reality is that British cycling has been given millions to spend on bike technology, something that is not considered a sensible target for public expenditure by many other rich nations (although not dictatorships such as China, which tend to spend like crazy on elite sport) and is beyond the public finances of the rest.
How does the Government get away with this raid on the public purse? By claiming that Olympic success inspires grassroots participation, which, in turn, has a benign long-term impact on the public finances. It is an argument with everything on its side except evidence. The reality is that elite success has no sustained impact on participation, and, even if it did, the fiscal effects would be ambiguous.
Instead of parading our national immaturity by splurging gargantuan sums on baubles, would we not do better to urge the IOC to alter the medal allocation to include sports that are accessible to all rather than the privileged few? You do not need a vast bank balance or state subsidies to excel in kabbadi or sepak takraw, two wonderful Asian sports. Sure, rich nations might still dominate, but low-income countries would at least have a chance, as they do in sprinting and distance running.
The Olympics should be a global festival, not a rich man's playground.
Matthew Syed represented Great Britain at table tennis in two Olympics
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I am disgusted that you would say that. It's not always about money but the skill of the athletes. I agree that some sports need large amounts of funding but there are many more that depend on skill, such as running, high jump, and ping pong.
Pete Wright, Bath,
As a student at an independent school, I'm disgusted by this article. My parents have worked hard to send me here. Not everybody here is good at sport; also it is compulsory for us to participate in sport at least three times a week. Why don't state schools copy this model? Life's unfair!
Ben Southall, Bath,
It`s a simple eternal truth, some are borne more equal than others.
Chas Mumford, Canvey Island, UK
Is it accurate to describe Lottery funding as 'the public purse', implying that the money has come from taxation? Either way, what an unrelievedly miserabilist view of the world. Why do we insist on undermining our own successes? This guilt inspired world view serves no one and no purpose..
Richard Dawson, London, UK
What ignorance! Hes clearly never met a town rowing club. In rowing the expensive kit is owned by the club, is communal and shared. Coaches are keen to teach. Anyone who can turn up on time can learn to row. Work hard to win. Cash isnt needed. Just aspiration and effort.
John, London,
Exactly, Matthew, it's why that top of the table Hooray/Sloane Zara "amazing" Phillips won the BBC's Sports Personality of the Year in 2006.
Barry, London, UK
If the athletes find it such hard work, why don't they give it up and gt a proper job?
jturner, spalding,
The Olympics are not about equality, never have been (cf: the ancient games). Sport exalts human achievement and ability. There are winners & that means there will also be losers. Is it "fair" that there aren't more white men in the NBA? So the economic privilege of urban playgrounds must go?
Bob Kidera, Rochester, NY, USA
Exactly.
And how many swimming pools are there in India or Nigeria?
John Peters, Swansea,
Selections from the "Whine List," presented by a connoiseur of sour grapes. Competition is so unfair. All must have prizes.
peter, miami, usa
So true!
A Aftab, Durham, UK
Independent schools hang on to their playing fields and make part of them into all-weather pitches. State schools sell theirs. Has that nothing to do with it?
Mike Sedgwick, Eastleigh, UK
What sheer ignorance and an utter insult to the British cyclists and their support team to suggest that the winning difference is all down to the bike. You have absolutely no idea.
Kevin, Leeds,
"and assuming that sporting talent is spread evenly"
It's a good thing Matthew Syed represented Great Britain at table tennis and not statistics.
Chris, London, UK
I think the likes of this article should be given greter prominence................it sums up what the olympics mean to myself exactly
R Stewart, Buckingham, UK
You are dead right about Olympic inequality. But please dont attack athletes who put in so much work for their sport.
Privelaged or not, Steve Redgrave has worked immensely hard for every medal and fully deserves our respect for using his advantages in a positive way and pushing himself so hard.
Paul, Beijing,
Dare I suggest that the 'over representation' of private schools in the Olympics might actually be because they genuinely have an 'over representation' of Britains talent in them? As for the 45% of medal winers: Are you suggesting that the (foreign)Olympic judges etc are in on the 'discrimination'?
Eric Skelton, Cardiff, Wales
I for one fail to see how being born into wealth should matter any more than being born with good genes.
Is it equally unfair that Usain Bolt who destroyed the field in the 100m has apparently been born with a near-superhuman ability to run quickly over short distances?
Rob, Cardiff, UK
Croquet should be an olympic sport. It is almost that around here.
Bob Taylor, Stone Mountain, USA
This article is probably true except in relation to cycling. If you look at the background of the cyclists you'll see they are very ordinary, mostly northerners. It's incredibly untrue to say that cycling is not a `popular' sport - just look at the number of people in the CTC.
Sue, Sheffield, UK
Wonderful article for all of those with a chip on their shoulder about being onvolved in sports that do not get funding because no one is interested. Good luck with the ping pong old boy.
Jonny, Brighton, UK
Absolute rubbish to say that sailing (for example) is an elitist sport. There is no cost whatsoever to get started in the sport - the problem is one of culture not finance. Your article is an insult to the many far from wealthy folks who participate in so-called elite sports at grass roots level.
Stephen Reeve, Southend,
If the Africans and Indians had more money for training in journalism, they would be writing and we wouldn't be reading this kind of "insight" from the privileged but rather average Syed.
The wealthy get better diets, better medical ... and achieve only because others are poor. It's not fair.
Carson, Leatherhead,
Yes, but Matthew darling, the Great Unwashed have football with which to amuse themselves.
Nick Mortimer, London,
That's life. The well-off produce more well-off kids. Average folks have to try harder. This all started around 10,000 years ago and will continue for as long as there are humans. Boo-hoo.
NC, Little Rock,
Matthew Syed is quite right. This is probably true of other sports too eg shooting, fencing or archery, simply because the equipment is expensive. Its possible that good sportsmen go to private schools on scholarships even if they are not well-to-do.
acharya, bangalore, india
Great article, spoilt my afternoon's Olympics watching. But how do you explain cricket-mad India rarely beating Australia at cricket, with populations of one billion versus 18 million? No expensive equipment required for cricket. Surely confidence has lots with it, hence those smug Etonians....
Chris N, Lewes, UK,
Those Africans would never have won all those medals had they not had the 'priviledge' of living and training at altitude.
If Ben Nevis plateaued at 5000m the Scots would be the best in the world.
It's just not fair I tell you.
Jack Hunt, Leeds,
The Nigerian Fasuba has run 9.77 in the 100m. With American (or even European/ Caribbean) training and funding, he could have been the greatest ever I believe.
Ben, York,
I would say that more funding of elite sport reduces mass participation. In the lottery funding years, obesity has grown as a problem in the UK. Face it, most people spend the Olympic fortnight on the sofa. All that money going on London 2012 could have scattered decent pools across the land.
Charles, Edinburgh, Scotland
Matthew, this is probably the best article you have written. What you say is absolutely correct.
Jon, Dunstable,
Well written Matthew. To me the olympics would be fair if all the contestants had equal training opportunities. In India the olympics seem to be more for the benefit of the officials running the system rather than the contestants.
Benjamin Alvares, Mumbai, India
agree with what you say, but lets say if rugby 7's was in games.
A very elitist sport in this country but which other sport could you have a 123 of samoa tonga and fiji very tiny countries.
Also although it has a bad press a lot of the footballers in the olympics would of had very poor backgrounds
George, marsden,
Totally agree spending large sums of money on equipment goes completely against the 'amateur' nature of the Olympics but isn't physical sporting prowess directly related to mother nature's 'survival of the fitest'? The independent sector is just a natural extention of this I'm afraid.
Dave, Newquay, UK
It's hard to argue that much of what is written here is true, but it's a mistake not to play the game, and if that means investing in elitist sports, while they are part of the Olympics, I'm all for it - I'd rather GB can win a good clutch of medals over occupying the moral high ground any day.
Piers, London, United Kingdom
Professional sport has distanced itself so far from the amateur, that interest in it can be fuelled only by personality and nationalism. Bannister was a human being, Phelps is a machine.
Kevin Straw, Leicester,
I think most Africans will be worrying more about surviving until the next Olympics than about introducing a sport that allows them to increase their 4% medal total...
Stu, Beijing,
firstly, competition is taboo in state schools - all shave have prizes - or, none shall have medals.
secondly, obviously sport is a recreational activity. those who have money have free time and resources for sport. those who work 14 hours a day in a mine don't go and play squash after work.
Marco, Kraków, Poland
The LA Times has helpfully once again published its "medals per capita" table. With the perennial exception of Australia, the top of its table is populated by countries like Armenia, Slovakia, Azerbaijan - not exactly rich!
The US, richest of all, is in 30th place, India is only 16 places behind.
Ian Kemmish, Biggleswade, UK
absolutely superb article. Why the Olympic authorities don't include other sports dominant in emerging economies is beyond me. Time for change!
adam, London,
Brilliant article.
Westsider, Cardiff, UK