Nigel Jones
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Austria is special. Its tourist board will tell you that, as will the headlines on the infrequent occasions when the Alpine republic grabs global attention. One of those rare occasions happened this weekend: Austria's far-right parties scooped up 29 per cent of the votes between them in a general election, pushing them ahead of the conservative People's Party, and only just behind the Social Democrats.
The last time Austria was in the news was in April when Josef Fritzl was arrested for imprisoning his own daughter in a cellar and fathering her seven children. While it would be absurd to connect the horrifying Fritzl case directly to Austria's troubled politics, the fact that Fritzl blamed his behaviour on his harsh upbringing under the Third Reich shows that the country remains hobbled by its history in a way that is no longer true of neighbouring Germany. By and large the Germans have faced up to and faced down their Nazi past. The Austrians have not, hence why, unlike Germans, a third of them are willing to vote for xenophobic parties.
Until this decade, Austrian schools continued to teach that the country was “Hitler's first victim”, rather than his earliest collaborator. The 1938 newsreel films showing the delirious Viennese crowds welcoming Hitler back give the lie to that particular piece of special pleading. As well as Hitler, many of the worst Nazi war criminals - including two of those hanged at Nuremberg, the SS leader Ernst Kaltenbrunner and Arthur Seyss-Inquart, overlord of the occupied Netherlands - were Austrians; as was Otto Skorzeny, reputed leader of the postwar Odessa organisation of former SS men.
But the shadows of Austria's history go back further than the Third Reich. Anyone taking a trip around Vienna's ring-road will gaze at the grandiose palaces, opulent museums and opera houses, and realise that this was once the hub of an empire, a multinational kennel in which the Austrians were, however insecurely, top dogs.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed 90 years ago. In 1918 the emperor departed, his threadbare ethnic quilt of an empire ripped apart, and the Habsburgs became history. Austria was left as a rump republic, a landlocked little nation whose 8.3 million people still long for their past imperial grandeur. Many of them hoped to find it with Hitler, but when he failed them too in 1945 all they were left with was a kind of angry nostalgia, easily exploited by nationalist politicians.
Ironically, the modern Austrian political system, against which its people have voted so spectacularly, was born behind the wire of Hitler's concentration camps. It was there that detained Social Democrats and Catholic conservatives came together and agreed to sink the bitter differences that had caused civil war in 1934 and made Austria such easy prey for Hitler.
Every institution, every state-run enterprise, was neatly divided between the socialist “reds” and the conservative “blacks”. In the state broadcasting corporation ORF - where I worked as a radio journalist - each department had a “red” boss and a “black” deputy, or vice-versa. This system, known as Proporz (“Proportionality”), allowed often talent-free party hacks the pick of the best jobs, the best perks and even the best housing. Originally designed to end class war and division, it bred bitter resentment among the majority who were excluded from the cosy but corrupt arrangement.
Jörg Haider, at 58 now the ageing enfant terrible of the far Right, skilfully rode such resentment after he took over Austria's small liberal Freedom Party in the 1980s and transformed it into a successful populist movement. Despite his praise for Hitler's employment policies and his attendance at Waffen SS reunions, he is a modern politician. He swapped brown shirts and lederhosen for designer suits and blue jeans as he denounced the immigration that had “swamped” Austria since the collapse of Communism. Such xenophobia struck a chord and Haider won 26 per cent of the vote in the late 1990s.
Tired of Haider's egotism, his party split in 2005 and a much younger pretender, the sharp-suited, white-toothed Heinz-Christian Strache, took over the leadership. Meanwhile the country groaned under a grand coalition between the Social Democats and Conservatives in which the worst faults of Proporz were further magnified.
Haider, always a prima donna, flounced off to form his own League for the Future of Austria (BZO), but as the latest election has shown, the two rival parties have garnered even more votes than the Freedom Party in Haider's glory days, threatening to make Austria ungovernable without their participation.
As the rest of Europe tut-tuts over the return of Austria's nasty habits, the Austrians will enjoy their moment of notoriety. Austrians like cocking a snook at the outside world. But the outside world will soon forget them again - until the next skeleton emerges from a long-forgotten cellar.
Nigel Jones's Countdown to Valkyrie: The July Plot against Hitler is published in December by Frontline Books
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I am from Austria and sick of being told by other countries how we should behave. First of all we do NOT hide our Nazi-history, I for example dealt a lot with it in school and also in arts and culture the theme is always present! So it is simply not true to say we tend to forget the past.
Eva, Vienna, Austria
The Austrians are doing what they have the right to do, VOTE !! The left have had it good for too long and as such have destroyed our society and everything good about the UK.
I hope all of Europe wakes up and stops this madness. Vote for nationalists parties, it's our only hope
Smart, Leics,
I was a ski instructor in Kirchberg. I loved the place, and the people.
If Austrians want to protect their way of life then they have every right.
Just because London is a multi-cultural mess, why should we expect the Austrians to follow our loony example?
Its not far-right, its just right.
Jon, london,
Austria: terrific health care and education system, low crime, massive UN presence, prosperous business community thanks to Eastern bloc, Vienna with 50%+ non-German speakers truly cosmopolitan, enormous political choice, no aristocracy, rent stability, low house price inflation. Love it!
Kate, Vienna,
I'm English and lived in Vienna for 10 years. The 500,000 people who moved to the extreme right since the previous election are not suddenly xenophobic. They are protesting against the grand coalitions failure. Its a pity the greens & liberals cant be more inspirational to give them another outlet
Stephen, Vienna, Austria
I quite like the sound of Austria....
beau symons, st emo,
The results have only been out for a few hours and already the liberal lefties who have brought western countries to their knees with immigration and alien culture are tut-tutting and trying to work out how to punish the naughty Austrians who dare to challenge their unwanted multiculturalism.
Charles Hamilton, Darwen, England
the Austrian villages and towns led a relatively crime free existence until the doors opened and allowed some of the more Southern countries in. Austria's own politics encourage freedom of expression and customs to outsiders however the Austrian people pick up the tab as in the UK
eddie, earsdon, uk
My wife and I just returned from Enns Austria a month ago. This country is rich in history (Melk comes to mind) and we were blessed to be in the town square at Hotel Brunner and enjoy the people of this beautiful town. Stay true to conservative values for your family and your children
William Russell, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
Hey - I'm an Englishman - I fancy being "exotic" - wow sounds great!!! Then again, if there are no robbings, rape, ram-raids etc...boring stuff - better stick to a "modern" city eh?
Tim, Wellington, England
True Austria tried to hide its guilt about wanting Hitler...But also true very few people living now were involved there.
It is the nature of the people and country to want past glory if you can call subjugation glory.
Maybe Austria is caught up with its poster campaign for tourists?
Whatever it is ...there is no Hitler to help their ambitions.
Frank Madigan, Capreol, Canada
Austria is in many ways the Saudi Arabia of the West. Many of her people firmly believe in the triumphalism of a particular culture and tradition. This has led to a unique narrowness of perspective and xenophobia. The rest of the world has largely - but by no means entirely - moved on.
Somnath Mukhopadhyay, Brighton, UK
Very heartening to see the far right do so well in the Austrian election. Let's hope it is a precursor to political developments across Europe in the next few years. Many congratulations to Mr Strache.
Mike, Norwich,
To Timur, London: The Nazi party was NOT "born" in Vienna. Hitler had emigrated to Germany and joined the party there. (His last residence in Austria had been an asylum for the homeless...). The NSDAP was prohibited in Austria throughout most of the 1930s, when many Brits sympathised with Hitler.
Andreas, Penrith, UK
It is a worrying result but what do you expect? The governing class across Europe (including the UK) is out of touch with its electorate - almost disconnected from the electorate, The electorate, fed up and bittterly frustrated, will respond by voting for extremist parties.
Carol, London, UK
No doubt the EU will want Austria and Ireland to vote again until they get it right.
KW, Bognor Regis, England
It is silly to blame Nazism for the fact, that 40 % of the voters younger than 30 years have voted for the extreme right parties FPOE and BZOE.
The authoritarian structure of society, xenophobia and enmity v EU are the main reasons..
Karl Pfeifer, Vienna, Austria
Austria is a sovereign, democratic country. Only the electors can decide how their country should be run. Besides, the Austrians say what other countries are afraid to say!!!
Pamela, Munich, Germany
Agree with comments to the effect that Austria is a democracy; the will of their people must be respected. That the EU is unlikely to do so is more dangerous than any revival of the far right in a small country. Anthony in Dublin is right to spot the common thread.
Andrew Forbes, Thames Ditton, Surrey
austria was always a multinational empire.every 2nd austrian has slavonic surname. empire consisted of czechs,hungarians,austrians,poles and ukrainians.but well they all were christians with similar to austrians mentality.it is not a questions of just foreigners it is a question of integration
Sketch, Rotterdam, Netherlands
as a green voter i can only guess what made them think it's time for something "new": strache and haider provide easy solutions for complex problems and as most ppl have no interest or education in politics, economics etc. this is very attractive in times of recession and rising immigration rates
Teresa, Vienna, Austria
This result got nothing to do with history and little with latent xenophobia. It is mostly a reaction to the circumstances which lead to this election. The result is an expression of protest. As Austria is still a democracy, this has to be accepted.
Chris Moser, Neunkirchen, Austria
Over the years i have met many germans and austrians and there is no arguing with the fact that whilst germany has faced up to its past, austria has most assuredly not.
Alex, London,
Mentioning Hitler and Fritz as example Austrians and saying "What did you expect from people like that?" (as I've read a few times since Sunday), is not only beside the point, but a generalisation just as bad as those coming from Strache et al about "foreigners".
Still, the results are a shame...
Anna, Vienna, Austria
are the austrians not allowed to cast their own votes and decide who should govern their country? are they not allowed to decide who should sort out their national problems.
this is of a piece with the interference in the Irish referendum by an out of touch, arrogant, Euro political elite
Anthony , Dublin, Ireland
Have you ever thought that this might not just be a result of xenophobia, but a reaction against the left wing liberal elite that thinks it has the right to rule Europe and dictate to the rest of us what we should and should not believe?
Andrew Brown, derby, uk
I drive throuh Austria once or twice a year, If the they got rid of foerigners who would clean the toilets in the OMV petrol statios ? Every cleaner I've heard speak is Russian ! The austrians are very conservative. I am surprised its only 30% voting nazi.
andy anderson, rousse, bulgaria
Blaming this shift to the right on Australia's past is simply blinkered. This shift to the right is happening across Europe and is a direct result of the political elite being out of touch with how people feel about large numbers of immigrants settling in their countries. Things will only worst.
D Case, Newquay,
Mike needs to get out of London a bit more often and see what he finds in the little villages in the UK. Having lived somewhere in Austria that Mike finds "dull, narrow minded and utterly provincial" (Salzburg) for one year, I'd have to say Austria has its quirks, but so does every country.
David G, Coogee, Sydney, Australia
Austria suffered horribly at the hands of the Ottoman Turks in 1529 and 1683 - it's not surprising that some Austrians regard high levels of immigration from outside the EU with suspicion.
Philip, Wellingborough, UK
Politics is not one dimensional. One factor in the move to the right is economic, not xenophobic. Austria has high, almost Scandinavian, levels of personal taxation. Jörg Haider has lobbied for a flat-tax system, which, it is argued, has worked wonders for neighbouring Slovakia.
Jonathan Nicholas, Vienna, Austria
Yeah the result is pretty bad, but lets be political correct and not attack austria totally. 30% is too much, way too much. but nevertheless the socialist party had the majority of the votes and there are still Austrians like me who don't agree with this methods of controlling immigrants at all.
shany, Graz, Austria
Oh oh, Austria is soooo bad, and there are "xenophobe" parties because they want to control immigration?
Well, lets look at a few facts: about 15% of Austrias population was born abroad - but just about 5% of Britains population! I really wonder what would happen in the UK if you triple this number
Tom, Twickenham,
Hitler was Austrian, like many of the top Nazis, most of the concentration camp staff, and twice as many Austrians enrolled in to the SS than Germans. The Nazi Party was born in Vienna!
some things never change
Timur, London,