Libby Purves
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Let's be clear: what follows is only journalism. There will be no lies, nor crazy guesses or twisted evidence, but all the same it is daily journalism. You can take it or leave it, contradict it flatly or use it as a springboard for other thoughts: it is not an academic treatise based on lengthy research. There isn't room on the page, or in your morning.
This is a useful distinction to keep in mind when studying recent straws in the wind, for academic rigour and academic integrity are under fire as never before before in any free and uncensored society. Commercial pressures and media vanity are eroding the serene old castle and a new generation risks failing to understand what scholarship is.
I understood it once, which is why I gave it up in favour of a lesser - but more amusing - career as a mere interpreter and communicator of daily events and the results of real scholarship. Contemplating an academic career after university, I quailed at the solitary, low-paid scrupulousness, the thickets of multiple footnotes, silent hours in lonely libraries and scratchy disputatiousness. I understood that while scholarship is a marvellous thing, I was not fit for it. Better to hop around under the table like a sparrow picking up interesting crumbs, sometimes trying to help proper experts put their theses to a wider public. But I have always known that the scholar's world is not journalism.
The world has rolled on. Universities, underfunded and overstretched, feel forced to offer alluring lap dances to the media to buff up their images. Never a day passes without some piffling press release about researchers at the University of Much-Binding having “shown” that men are different from women, or that nobody likes being burgled, or that raspberries might cure criminality. These miniature nonsenses exist to massage research funding, get Binding University's name into the papers, and get the authors on to every desperate programme and magazine page to elucidate the raspberry-and-burglars theory in three minutes or 800 words.
The trouble is that if the academic becomes a star, the pressure can dent his or her scruples. Take the case of Raj Persaud, the Mr Glib of media shrinks, at present suspended for three months by the General Medical Council for some pretty shameless plagiarism of other academics' work. He pleaded that he was in a “confused mental state” at the time of knocking off these particular works, because of the “pressure” of juggling media commitments and NHS psychiatric practice.
He had become powerful in media terms and as he once wrote himself, in one of those annoying media-shrink pieces about the character flaws of public figures they have never met: “People with elevated power become disposed to elevated levels of risk-taking. They are more mentally oriented to potential rewards and oblivious to pitfalls.”
As was he. You cannot help but be sorry for him, since by all accounts he is a good doctor and nice chap. But all the same, the GMC does us a favour by pointing out that academics should work to higher standards than hasty hacks.
Meanwhile, inside the fortress walls of academe, things are not too secure. When student fees and the abolition of the maintenance grant began in 1997, I remember consoling myself with the reflection that students would become more demanding, and would balk at having lecture rooms without enough seats, or only one hour per fortnight of small-group teaching. They would become customers rather than overgrown schoolchildren.
I was right and wrong. Right, because that feeling has grown. Wrong, because its ill-effects are threatening the passionless integrity of scholarly standards.
One by one, academics blow the whistle. They have pointed out the pressure to give first or 2:1 degrees rather than 2:2s, caused not only by anxiety over their reputation but by the litigiousness of customer-students (”Every summer is poisoned by appeals,” one says). Next we get reports that higher degrees are being awarded to lucrative overseas students who speak almost no English: the four billion a year that they bring in tempts some institutions to undue leniency .
Universities UK denies this, but reading message boards from irritable academics, confirms the impression. One in Leeds claims to have turned down an underqualified foreigner and his £8,000 because “I neither have the time nor the will to have some hapless person trying to work in my laboratory without the necessary scientific education and I got a lot of flak for that, but many do...
“The result is an utter dumbing down of the PhD standards. While PhDs at from the major UK universities may be worth something, many at minor' universities are not worth anything. This is well known in the scientific world. A US-American from a good university has to work between four and seven years on his PhD and publish several papers, whereas in the UK some rich person can get the title by paying the fees and working for three years on a mickey-mouse project. Often the theses are written by the supervisors and the vivas are conducted by buddies'. It is a complete disgrace.”
Others say that plagiarism from the internet is increasingly ignored for fear of argument, and that the ethnicity of (lucrative!) students may make copying acceptable. One academic journal mused innocently: “The cultural values of multilingual students are sometimes at variance with Western academic practice, in matters such as plagiarism... we should respect and make use of the students' own traditions of study.”
And on a less scholarly but equally telling matter, at Kingston University staff were recorded telling students to inflate their responses in the annual National Student Survey because “if Kingston comes down the bottom, the bottom line is that nobody is going to want to employ you”.
These disparate incidents and reports hang together worryingly. They link also to the “dodgy dossier” on the Iraq weapons, the one praised by ministers but which turned out to be mainly plagiarised - typographical errors and all - from a postgraduate thesis. Scholarship mattered little next to political advantage; the same applies often enough to “research” used to cobble up hasty government policymaking and propaganda (check out the wonderful vagueness, for instance, of the “five-a-day” campaigns).
I have no space for footnotes and full attributions. This has been journalism. But journalists have to pick up threads, tug them and see what unravels. And in this hurried, mercenary, media-driven age I do sense an unravelling of academic rigour.
Perhaps it is just beginning. Perhaps a stitch in time will stop it.
Libby Purves worked for some years for BBC Radio 4, as a reporter and a presenter on the Today programme and, since 1983, has presented Midweek. She joined The Times as a columnist in 1990. She received an OBE in 1999 for her services to journalism and was Columnist of the Year in the same year. In her spare time she writes bestselling novels. Her opinion column appears in the The Times on Mondays
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In our institution we used to say 'if it breaths and if it grunts, then we accept them on the course'... This is how low standards have dropped in some HEIs where numbers take over from quality - and all this due to meeting unrealistic recruitment targets.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Bristol, UK
I worked in three major UK universities and the general thrust of this article is entirely correct. But until individuals are named and held accountable for the corruption of academic life it will continue degenerating. Subjects like social anthropology, once enlightening, are now a laughing stock.
Declan Quigley, Barcelona, Spain
People are also being taken on as postgrads without having done an undergraduate degree first.
This results in the ludicrous situation where a student can spend 3 years getting a BA, only for someone else to study for just 2 years and get a supposedly "higher" MA.
Money talks.
Barbara, Crewe, UK
A lot of problems also arise for the "minor" or "new" universities as the government/funding bodies are quite harsh in how they dish money out. My current university 10 years ago had a thriving research department, and a decade on, we are even considering closing down the school (computing).
Gareth, North East, UK
Remember when a college was for learning and a university was for study, the difference being learning a solution as opposed to finding one by research. And as for arbitrary targets for the number of graduates we produce. That's a guarantee that results will be massaged to ensure attainability.
KR, Stockport,
The desire to have 50% attending uni was nothing more than a scam to absolve NuLabour of spending money to make A levels worth something. At Uni, Students - or their parents - have to fund themselves - thereby getting the Govt out of a fix. A levels would require govt spending.
simon, uk,
It is also difficult for universities to dissent from conventional wisdom, or undertake truly original research, when they have to suck up to Government, its agencies, and big business for grant money.
Frank Upton, Solihull,
To Malcolm Williamson:
Selected Universities, including Oxford and Cambridge, have already introduced entrance tests for law, medicine and other key subjects. It is only a matter of time before nationwide entrace exams are a norm after A-Levels and before University admission.
Prabhat, UK,
Universities take a confusing stance on plagiarism--they rant and rave and yet books by authors known to have committed plagiarism are carried in the campus bookstore.
Kara Tyson, Mobile, AL, USA
I retired early from a US university when the admin started referring to our students as "customers." The inappropriate business model is alive and well here too.
Kodaly, San Francisco,
It would appear that these days if anybody with "A" levels is taught,it's called a "University" and anyone standing in front of one of their blackboards is called a "Professor"
Like everything in this once former glorious country of ours,standards have sunk to the lowest level thanks to Socialism.
alan routledge, chester, england
Simple solution. Gutless Gordon and his government restore academic salaries to historic norms (about the same as GPs) to give back a sense of professionalism and pride, boost state funding and stand firm behind universities which fail students who deserve to fail.
Clint, Brighton, UK
Excellent piece of writing. When dumbing down secondary education and with the misguided political dogma which demands university education for the whole population, the only response of tertiary educational establishments has been to dumb down academia itself-hence the crisis in science departments
Bill Q, Derby,
As both a working-class graduate from Manchester University, and a retired lecturer from Kingston University, I consider that the heaviest blow struck against tertiary education - by Socialism itself - has been the theory that intelligence is "socially conditioned". What absolute and utter rubbish!
Edmund Burke, Kingston upon Thames, England
I work for a 'good' UK university that, in internal memos, refers to undergrads as 'cashflow' , that exist only to underpin the glamour of research.
Is it any wonder the undergrads themseleves want whatever their money can buy, when that is all they are seen as being good for?
Uni Admin, South Coast, UK
Working in a major UK university several years I was marking experimental write-ups according to a mark scheme I was given. Students who had written their name, date, title and copied the introduction from their course guides were granted a pass mark! It was actually impossible for me to fail them
Another Academic, London, UK
It all comes down to the commercial (the new) middle class who until Thatcher played second fiddle to the academic middle class. We can now see why. They have ruined academia to.
Pete Best, Northampton, UK
A few years ago my niece was finalising her MA dissertation. The night before it was finished my brother and his wife, both teachers and in the know about gaining a pass decided it was totally wrong, stayed up and rewrote the whole thing. She passed. So whose MA was it? Hers or their's?
BwIlliamson, stockport,
Now its very difficult for practical people to do evening study at a Local Authority sponsered Poly, whose degree courses were modulated by the CNAA or professional courses by a demanding profession and whose entry as a consequence to the professions would be embraced.
Movement between classes?
Alistairs Solicitors, Bristol,
Not sure what a media doctor has to do with the universities but so much of the rest is true. The biggest issue is students/parents who pay the fees and then expect to get a 2.1 at the end or they will sue. The idea of the student actually having to work for it defies their imagination.
The real Fred, London, Uk
The university system in the UK is polarising into proper universities, whose degrees are worth something, and the rest. The irony is that we will end up with fewer proper universities than we had before the big expansion in tertiary education several years ago.
Martin, Newmarket, Suffolk
Some students (and parents) believe that their fees are for the qualification, not the study. This belief applies to degrees and even professional courses. It is combined with the reluctance of some tutors to criticise even the most egregious essay. The result is the mess which Ms Purves identifies.
Gary, Hong Kong,
The decision of Imperial College to introduce entrance tests for its first degree courses indicates that at least one HE institution is seeking to maintain academic rigour.
Malcolm Williamson, WGC, UK
Good piece. We are living in a 's/he who dares, wins' society now and rarely does anyone who dares get caught out, still less do they suffer financially from a bit of noteriety, whether good or bad.
John Jenkins, York,