Magnus Linklater
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Just occasionally you stumble across an idea so radical that you have to catch your breath at its sheer outrageousness. If it is about science and you are not a scientist, the best thing to do at this point is to retreat into a darkened room, wrap a wet towel around your head and see if you have understood it.
Which is what I've done (metaphorically speaking) and the idea shows no sign of retreating. It is this: the latest medical research, some of it so new that it has not yet been published, suggests that the human genes that govern our character - physical make-up, health, prospects for survival and so on - may not be as all-powerful as we have been told.
They may be altered by the environment, not just over hundreds and thousands of years, but in the space of a couple of generations; that, far from being “unconscious, blind replicators”, as Richard Dawkins puts it, they may be adversely affected by their surroundings; and those acquired characteristics can be passed on to our children; finally, the behaviour of a gene can possibly be modified in the course of the first few years of a human being's life to head off the onset of an otherwise preordained disease.
At the risk of being hauled before the modern equivalent of a papal inquiry and forced to recant, I call in evidence the distinguished Oxford- based neurologist, Professor George Ebers, who has been studying that most baffling disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), in his native Canada. I listened to him last week, and sat up straight when he used the phrase “modified DNA” as a possible explanation for the astonishing disparity between men and women who suffer from MS.
Modified? I thought the whole point about DNA was that it was immutable, the genes handed down from generation to generation, stern, inflexible - and selfish. Or, as Professor Dawkins puts it: “They are in you and me; they created us, body and mind; and their preservation is the ultimate rational for our existence. They have come a long way, those replicators. Now they go by the name of genes, and we are their survival machines.”
The new evidence seems to suggest something different. Over the past 60 years in Canada, Australia and parts of Scotland, rates of MS have been increasing, with the gap between male and female sufferers steadily widening. Women are suffering more, to the point where, in some places, the ratio is more than three to one, and babies born in early spring or winter fare substantially worse.
Furthermore, when individual familes with a history of MS are studied, it is found that this female susceptibility differentiates even between identical twins, and can be found in cousins and other relatives, passed on in the female gene.
So this is a disease that is gender-specific and getting worse among women. Because the weight of medical evidence has always pointed to genetic suceptibility as the underlying cause of MS, this is deeply puzzling. Why should one twin suffer and not another, when their DNA is identical? And why should women suffer more?
The more researchers have examined the evidence, the more they have begun to believe that the explanation must lie in the environment - in some element or combination of elements in diet, climate, lack of vitamins, pollution or other external factor that is affecting the susceptible female gene.
Here it is worth introducing a word with which we may all grow familiar over the next two or three years - “epigenetic,” which is used to describe the inheritance of changes caused by environmental factors.
The articles that have begun to appear in medical journals are increasingly confident in the language that they use. They report that “the environment is constantly altering gene expression through the modification of [its] profile”. They say that “an ‘epigenetic' mark may be added to or removed from gametic DNA [containing sexual reproductive cells] in mothers”. They add that “these changes may remain through cell divisions for the remainder of a cell's life, and sometimes these changes can last for multiple generations”.
But here is the upside. If Professor Ebers and his fellow researchers are right, then a gene susceptible to MS may be altered to avoid it. In other words, a dodgy gene, caught early, can be taught to resist rather than adopt the disease for which it is heading. Is Professor Ebers right? I am in no position to judge. But I like the forthright way in which he approaches what was once regarded as the hallowed teritory of the gene supremacists. And, at the very least, he is suggesting a rethink of the balance between the nature and nurture argument.
It is always good to introduce a bit of heresy into a scientific argument, and I look forward to the fierce debate that lies ahead. It was, after all, Professor Dawkins himself, high priest of gene theology, who wrote: “If a scientist hears, or reads about, a good idea, he passes it on to his colleagues and students. He mentions it in his articles and his lectures. If the idea catches on, it can be said to propagate itself, spreading from brain to brain.” So, here goes.

Magnus Linklater's journalistic career spans 40 years, taking him from editor of Londoner's Diary at the Evening Standard to editor of Spectrum and the Colour Magazine at The Sunday Times and editor of The Scotsman. He joined The Times in 1994 and writes a weekly column on Wednesdays. He was chairman of the Scottish Arts Council from 1996 to 2001, and often writes on Scottish issues
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in other words how we manage our 'environment' leads to our 'environment' impacting on our genetic makeup. joseph cambell in his 'masks of god' touches on this, and fascinatingly, from a historian's point of view, daniel lord smail's (harvard prof of history) recent 'on deep history and the brain'
leni dipple, anlhiac, france
I'm sorry, does the author live in a box? None of this is "news" and none of it contradicts Dawkins. Yes, genes are selfish. No, that does NOT mean they somehow always "win". Yes, environmental influences are part of evolution.
Tracy, Merritt Island, FL
These ideas have been around a long time, and was recently (12 July) a front page article in New Scientist. The Article also includes a responce from Dawkins. Linklater's article represents the typical mix of misunderstandings and 'storm in a teacup'-sensationalism seen by misinformed journalists.
Eirik Dischler, Harstad, Norway
This is among the most revealingly silly things i've read this week. So wait a minute, the external environment through chemical reactivity or even radiation can cause mutation. Stop the press. What exactly do DDT or smoking do if they are not allowed to interfere with our genes?
Ben, Scunthorpe, UK
...the critics to Linklater's article miss the point; that the environmental impact on our genes has been played down in recent years in debates about why we behave and act as we do...this research begins to re-emphasise that our genetics are more socially malleable than we were led to believe.
Dr Smith , London, UK
The last paragraph clearly shows the author's antipathy for Dawkins and his ideas. Why else use words like "high priest" and "theology"?
As other commenters have said, there is little here that contradicts what Dawkins has written. It certainly doesn't challenge the fact that genes are selfish.
Simon, Montreal, Canada
How is this news? I have cell biology textbooks from 1994 that talk about epigenetics and DNA methylation and so on. Undergraduate textbooks.
Liz, Melbourne, Australia
...i can see that the critics to this article are all pure scientists. having spent most of my working life around such scientists who can't grasp social and political arguments, they are unable to fully understand that this article is more about the politics of science, than the science itself.
James , London, UK
I must draw your attention to the work of Bruce Lipton PHD, a distinguished micro biologist who was one of the first to point this out. In 1992!!
This is not new science, it's just scientists and the drugs industry has invested so much in the current theory, anything contradictory is quickly buried.
Chris Noble, Rugby, United Kingdom
Perhaps some commenters haven't wrapped a wet towel around their heads for long enough...
Andrew Gallagher, Galway,
DNA whether mutated randomly or through an external factor will not lead to a different species of creature over time.Why do the so called facts of this theory never get clearly laid out by a paper or reseacher like Dawkins,without constant revisions or updates of it,& without confusion among many?
Jonathan KIng, Co.Offaly, Eire
Sorry to disappoint you, but genes are not, and never have been, "immutable".
Terry Dell, Weybridge, UK
This sounds a bit like Lamarkism, an argument that says, if followed to its logical conclusion, that if one has the misfortune to lose a leg then your children will be born minus a leg. An obviously wrong theory.
colin, london, england
It may sound like heresy, if you haven't read what Dawkins has written about genes and replicators, but I suspect there's nothing that particularly contradicts Dawkins views here. Did you talk to Professor Ebers to ask him?
matt shenton, Kitakami City, Japan
you seem to have missed the point. It is well known that there are chemicals which affect gene expression - a process called methylation. but the dna of the genes themselves is not altered. This is extremely interesting but not "heretical".
bob, london,
Certainly some of Dawkins' quotes are taken out of context; the idea of a gene being 'selfish' is that it's propagation(whether influenced by environmental factors or not) is the driving force behind evolution
Rohan, London,
There does not seem to be anything controversal or new in saying that a gene can be altered by external influences. Not much of a controversy or heresy here.
C Harris, Lagos, Nigeria
I'm sure Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's ghost got its hopes up when it started reading your article, only to find hollow disappointment. "Environmental factors" have always been capable of "altering" our DNA -- for extreme cases, see Hiroshima or Chernobyl. A mutation is a mutation, regardless of cause.
Lewis Winders, Tasmania, Australia
Misleading title to state the relatively obvious.
DNA whether mutated randomly or through an external factor will lead to changes in offspring.
Environmental changes is too vague and suggests an indirect aspect to the alteration of DNA e.g a cold environment.
Russ, Glasgow,
Sorry, I'm a bit confused here. If MS increases among some women couldn't this imply they're becoming more genetically prone to it, possibly due to environmental contaminants, rather than that their siblings' DNA is 'learning' to resist it? Has part of Professor Ebers argument been left out?
JRM, London,
Have Ebers and Linklater read anything about "Mendelian Genetics"? I thought it was considered as intellectually sound as creationism. Richard Dawkins, please help!
JCH, Carllsle, Cumbria
Once again another amazing scientific 'revelation' by the media describing a medical breakthrough that's been known for years. Blatent publicity for the researchers involved. Since when was gene expression NOT affected by environmental factors?
DM, West Yorkshire, UK
Wikipedia "In biology, the term epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression caused by environmental factors, not by changes in the underlying DNA sequence. These changes may remain through cell divisions for the remainder of the cell's life. Sometimes the changes last for multiple generations."
John, London,
Going on the article, this doesn't seem all that heretical, and it doesn't really challenge the importance of genetic inheritance. I assume that that the author is aware of the disease we call cancer? Cancer is the result of gene mutation, caused by environmental factors eg. smoking or radiation.
John Smith, London,
Not heresy (doubt RD would disagree that environment can cause gene mutations that are transferable) - worked with a company 10 years ago that studied protein expression and even then they were talking about gene modification - the point is, it happens at the genetic level not at the species level.
Huw Sayer, London, England