Matthew Parris
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The llamas are horrified. Their field behind our house in the Derbyshire Peak District looks like a scene from the Great War. Two 100m trenches, almost as deep as a man is tall, stretch away up the hill. Everywhere are mountains of earth, and car-sized rocks. 200 tonnes of sand arriving in lorries. A digger is working, finishing the second trench, and loaders are shunting sand back and forth.
I feel seasick, nursing my abused cheque book, comforted only by the knowledge that in a week’s time the field will be returned to its former aspect — save for two long strips of bare earth where trenching has been filled in again. I can reseed them.
But deep beneath the surface will lie an invisible skein of black plastic piping, encased (against sharp rocks) in a core of sand. And the piping will converge on two valves beneath a manhole, from which will run two big conduits, leading through the wall of our holiday cottage into the utility room. Here will sit, humming softly, a machine about the size of a fridge-freezer. One conduit will bring “brine” (water laced with antifreeze) from beneath the field where it has been gently warmed by the soil, into the machine. The other will carry away the brine, refrigerated by the machine, to rewarm beneath the field. The machine will provide us with copious hot water for central heating and domestic use.
This is the first and biggest step in the plan I set out on this page last year, to make our property in Derbyshire self-sufficient, using “green” energy. Few householders are as lucky: I have fields, woods, my own water supply, sewage system and reed-beds. But I hope to learn — and pass on — lessons from this project. At its core is something called “ground-source energy”: a means of home-heating that other European countries have been readier to adopt than us. But if the experience of the Sheffield company supplying my heat pump is typical, Britain is fast waking up to the idea.
In Switzerland every third new building is equipped with a heat pump. In Sweden seven out of ten new builds rely on this technology. In Germany, too, it is catching on. Because the installation makes a huge mess inside and around a house, the technology is most obviously applicable to new construction. My stone buildings are centuries old; but I have decided to brave the cost and inconvenience. If the system works in the large holiday cottage beside our house, we will adopt it throughout.
Perhaps because the concept of heat pumps stumps and mystifies people, the invention has never attracted the band of true believers that (say) wind turbines, or “hot rocks” (geothermal) energy, or even nuclear fusion or fission, have. The whole idea seems counter-intuitive. How can a simple compressor pump suck heat out of seemingly nowhere? How can you turn something cold into something warmer without putting energy in?
But it works; and on inspection the mystery dissolves. Did you know that the standard kitchen fridge is a heat pump in reverse? Your fridge cools its interior and dumps the heat outside: into your kitchen through the grill behind the back. My kind of heat pump will dump the cool and keep the heat. Indulge me — no physicist — in 500 words of explanation, for this idea may prove a big component of Europe’s future energy philosophy.
Unlike combustion, heat pumps do not create heat: they move it from one place to another. “Fair enough,” you say, “but how come the place you heat gets hotter than the place you got the heat from? Isn’t this something for nothing?”
No. Put a hot teaspoon into a bucket of cold water. The spoon will be cooled a lot, the water warmed just a little. Overall, you have not gained or lost heat by this move: you have simply transferred it, spreading out the heat from a small mass of hot material, into a large, cooler mass that it will slightly warm. Well, how about doing this in reverse and ending up with a hot teaspoon and a slightly cooler bucket?
This is essentially what a ground-source heat pump does: it collects a lot of low-level heat from one place and “concentrates” it into a little high-level heat in another. It slightly refrigerates a waste of stuff that doesn’t matter — the soil around the house — and greatly heats a little of something that does — your hot water tank and central-heating system.
How? Consider two everyday examples. When you use a bicycle pump the nozzle heats up. And after a long blast with an aerosol spray, the nozzle gets cold. This is because when you compress a gas (or condense it into a liquid) it gets hot; and when you evaporate a liquid into a gas (or decompress the gas) it gets cold. So to pump heat from one place to another, we make a closed loop and pump gas around it, compressing and liquefying where we want heat delivered, then decompressing and evaporating where we want it to capture its next load of heat. This does use energy, but not much: the electricity to drive the compressor/circulator pump.
A ground-source heat pump gathers heat into a hot water tank for your house — and captures it from a much larger body of water (“brine”) which is being pumped round a huge circulatory system running in pipes hundreds of metres long, beneath your land. Here the refrigerated fluid warms up again, to be reused, bringing the heat back to the heat pump and its gas-filled loop. The whole system will deliver about four times as much energy (in the form of heat) as it consumes (in the form of the electricity).
The ultimate energy source is sunshine — but a metre or so down, soil temperatures do not fluctuate wildly with sunrise, sunset and the seasons, but level out, varying gently around 10C. This unlimited supply of low-level heat at a fairly steady temperature is ideal for the delicately balanced gas-circulation system of the machine.
Other heat-pump systems use the air, not the soil, for heat collection. Or you can take it from rivers or wells. And for ground-source you can go vertically down, putting pipes into bore holes if you are short of space. But I have chosen to use my field.
I wondered last year whether the Peak District National Park (our local planning authority) would prove a stumbling block. Quite the reverse. It seemed enthusiastic about green-energy schemes and a young officer came to talk to me about mine. He was positive. Before Christmas I went to see a new ground-source scheme in successful operation at a farm near Tideswell, and since then the owner has received planning permission for a small wind turbine too. This is on my list also, but not yet.
My only problem with bureaucracy has been that the earthworks for ground-source require planning permission. “If permission is finally refused,” the lady in the office warned me, “you may be required to put everything back to how it was before.”
“I’m doing that anyway,” I said: “I’m digging a trench then filling it in again.” So I went ahead regardless.
David Cameron’s new and greener Opposition should look again at planning laws. Perhaps for a range of defined green energy applications there should be a presumption in favour of permission, shifting the onus on to the planning authority to demonstrate exceptional reasons why it should be refused.
That aside, the National Park authority seems encouraging and interested. People around me share the curiosity, and a stream of visitors has come to take a look. Coincidentally, in nearby Youlgreave a group has formed to develop ways of making the whole village more energy self-sufficient. A tide is turning in public attitudes and public interest.
Oh dear. We’re going to have to move the llamas. Their horror has turned to fascination, and there could be a horrible accident with a digger. But I’ll keep you posted on progress — and, in time, with how the economics work out. What fun, to be a pioneer.

Matthew Parris joined The Times as parliamentary sketchwriter in 1988, a role he held until 2001. He had formerly worked for the Foreign Office and been a Conservative MP from 1979-86. He has published many books on travel and politics and an autobiography, Chance Witness, for which he won the 2004 Orwell Prize. His diary appears in The Times on Thursdays, and his Opinion column on Saturdays
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Mr Parris:
A timely and excellent article. Sir, you must ask...why are the rest of your countrymen living in the Dark Ages?
Almost all new houses in Canada use heat pumps. It is required by some jurisdictions.UK building methods and mindset are a century out of date.
It is no coincidence that some of the more positive comments come from Sweden, a society that embraces innovation.
Sweden also exports housing and technologuy, as does the World Leader: Canada.
[The Canadian Centre for Housing Technology is Canadas advanced housing research and demonstration facility. The Centre has been created to accelerate the development and application of improved technologies for the Canadian housing industry and to facilitate world-market access to Canadas leading edge housing solutions.
CCHTs Mission
* Accelerate the development of new technologies and their acceptance in the marketplace.
* Provide technical support for exports.[...]]
stephen saines, Toronto, Canada
I am thinking of installing a ground source heating system and just cannot find any details on installers and suppliers in the UK. Can anybody please help with such information
Charles Bayley, Bovingdon, UK
We live with a ground source heat pump providing our heating. It is installed in heavy clay, and the area for the piping covers part of our lawn, (takes about10/15mins to mow the area). The house is an old stone house, and we have conventional radiators, rather than under floor heating, which would be preferable. We have laid the piping so that it runs on 2 levels, with about a foot of earth between the layers. We are also experimenting with more efficient radiators, rather than our original ancient objects!
I was snug and cosy last winter. The garden is much improved from its make over, and there was not much mess in installing the heat pump.
It is worth thinking about using solar panels/ windmills in conjunction with heat pumps, and Hidden Energy were very helpful in thinking up alternative ideas.
We reckon the pay back period will be about 5 to 7 years.
Jane Allen, Northants
Jane Allen, Daventry, UK
Living in Sweden, we as most of our neighbours, all I must add living in houses of up to ninety years old and none less than fifty, have installed what translates from Swedish as "mountain heating". Very similar in design to Matthew's, it provides copius heating at very reduced prices. In a climate far harsher than U.K., central heating is a continous from October through until April, (as I write I can see whispy snow flakes still falling!). Yet, since installation, our heating costs are roughly 30% of the equivalent household relying on electrically powered central heating, the source of which comes primarily from HEP in our area.
As a Brit I was skeptical at first although feel I must champion the cause as the financial rewards over the coming years, even for the more environmentally challenged, make this form of heat generation extremely attractive. Save money and the environment, I fear this sounds almost smug!
Stephen Martin, Strangnas, Sweden
I'm building a house in France and installing an air/water heat pump. With 78% of electricity supplied by atomic power stations; one cannot reduce ones carbon footprint much lower. And I drive a Toyota Yaris, rated the second most green car on the planet (from birth to ashes) after a Chrysler Jeep (would you believe).
Cost of energy consumption is rated to cost about half or less of a gas or electric heating system.
The drawback is that it is an expansive piece of equipment to install, almost double a standard central heating system and is, according to the supplier, not suitable (cost effecectively) for heating domestic water.
M. Butcher, Weston-super-Mare, England
Cold fusion is coming, in the meantime, try Llama wool beanies and socks.
Richard Grosvenor, Cheshire, England
A friend of mine has a stream passing through his garden - not enough flow to drive a generator. But could it be used to drive a heat pump?
Anthony Cutler, Malvern, Worcs/UK
How much is it all costing? Can it pay for itself over a reasonable period at today's fuel prices?
Richard Ehrman, Oxford,
reversing the domestic refrigerator theory is correct for the system,but the fundemental part of a a high performing refrigerator is the quality insulation around the freezer and sealing of the door preventing warm air getting in once the freezer is at temperature so the compressor works less or a smaller compressor is used. Same theory for Matthews house improve the insulation you cant lose.
Dave Tilley, Peterborough, cambs
Surely with global warming houses will need less heating anyway? I live in the Turks and Caicos Islands and no-one here has central heating - nature provides all the warmth we need
Joe Sobey, Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands
No one can beat the Law of Coservation of Energy. If energy is removed at a greater rate than it can be supplied by the sun, the ground temperature will be reduced and grass and crop growth will stop.
this has been found where people have installed such systems in their gardens. Put your faith in uranium and hydro power like Sweden, France and Switzerland
Paul , Northwich, england
I believe Buck House has had this for years. One little point. If the Earth is warming, should this not be reversed to cool the house?
Desmond taylor, Houston, USA Texas
We installed a pump which take in the air and distributes the heat to the water filled radiators in the house.
Investment cost was 63000 sek= £4500.
We have halved our energy costs.
This in Sweden where the climate is harder than in England.
In England it would be even more economical to install
this system.(Beats stealing the oil from Iraqis:))
Karl Dentolfte, krokom, sweden
I`m still trying to get my head around the pumping in and the pumping out.It all sounds a bit iffy to me.
vague, edinburgh,
I think you have been somewhat patronising of your readers intelligence. You could have usefully provided a simple relative costing and said something about how the heat exchange compares with or differs from solar heating.
Henry Percy, London, UK
Sorry Matthew, a dreadfully patronising piece. Perhaps you should remember that a lot of your readers still live in a two up, two down, in inner city 'wherever' and will never have the opportunity to own a second home let alone indulgently spend the National debt on making it ecologically friendly.
judy, Liverpool, england
If the use of these 'heat pump' systems spreads, all taking heat from the earth, might there not be a danger of global cooling?
RobertW, Gerrards Cross, Bucks
I suppose the saddest part of this tale is your desciption of it as a "Holiday Cottage". I am sure the dozens of young , hardworking families who can't afford one home in the area they work, let alone two, look on enviously at you and your abused chequebook.
"Let them eat cake."! or would "Lodsa money" be more appropriate.
Van de Merve, Somerest,
Mathew it would be interesting to know to what extent you should be thanking the size of your cheque book for helping to heat your house.
If the true total cost of planning applications, amortisation of the installation cost, maintenance costs and runnning costs are correctly accounted.
During WW2 the Swiss, in isolation, developed a lot of expertise in reverse heat pump technology, as well as in low flow and low head hydro power generation, so that today they are less than 10% dependent on fossil fuels for electricity generation and there is plenty of expertise available in this field. It is encouraging to know that, 50 years further on, in England people are beginning to discuss it!
A word of warning. It is probably impossible for a family to depend on reverse hear pumps for all their heating and hot water, it will only supply a steady base load which will need augmenting with some other form of heat source, probably an oil fired boiler, the cost of which needs to be added in.
j.kelleway, bern, switzerland
Matthew, you do well what journalism is for, to inform and educate under the guise of entertainment. I hope you receive lots of invites to spice up tired Physics lessons with similar explanations of less understood technology, free of the tiresome quantitative stuff like Joules and coefficients.
Have you thought of adding a few Yak to your flock of wooly sort of fleecy hairy goats, with indolent expressions and undulating throats?
Im told that when its well rancid, the butter is good with tea (as an alternative to milk) and with muesli instead of yoghurt. It might even be a key to the longevity of some mountain folk. Research needed.
Look at using LED lighting on a low voltage solar generated circuit. A light emitting diode uses a tenth of the power of a low-energy bulb for equivalent light output, and at more than 100,000 hours mtbf should last and last.
dr venables preller, Warminster, UK
What a fantastic idea :)
Karen Sampson, Adelaide, Australia
Costs and recovery Matthew. Or is this just for the "fortunate few"?
Bruce, UK, Malvern, UK
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