William Rees-Mogg
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The British are - or were - particularly good at banking. British banking financed the Empire and the Industrial Revolution. These achievements owed a great deal to the stability of the gold standard, which lasted from Isaac Newton's recoinage of gold in 1717 until Ramsay MacDonald's abandonment of it in 1931. More than two centuries of exchange-rate stability gave the British banking system a stability of its own and, associated with that, a high standard of trust.
I can remember, when I first opened a bank account in the 1940s, the stable atmosphere of British banking. My father started the account for me to buy books; I was introduced to the Westminster Bank at its old Corn Street Branch in Bristol, where my father had his own account. I met the bank manager, an avuncular figure, whom I was encouraged to treat as a trusted adviser. This was relationship banking, and it still survives in the far corners of the British banking world. It was the right way to do business.
The bank manager then occupied a similar position to the family solicitor or the family doctor. He hoped to maintain a long-term relationship with each client and he hoped that this relationship would survive for generations. He would offer general financial advice, and was concerned to keep the interest of the client and the bank in alignment.
He did not lend the bank's money to people he thought might be unable to repay it. That would plainly be against the interests of the client as well as of the bank. He would, however, try to find a way of meeting the needs of vulnerable groups, including students - which I then was - widows and businesses under trading pressures. The customer who failed was seen as a failure for the bank, because it would be regarded as a lack of banking competence. The customer who built up a successful business would also be a good advertisement for the bank.
Banks were there to help their clients and to keep them out of trouble. Of course these bank managers liked to have some formal security, but they were more concerned about the character of the borrower. There is the famous story of the Clydesdale Bank and the first Mr McAlpine. When asked for security for a loan to develop his building company, Mr McAlpine turned up at the bank with a group of his sons. The bank lent on the security of the character and potential of those young men. This turned out to be very good business for the bank and made possible the success of the McAlpine business.
After the Second World War, relationship banking went into decline. The banks were attracted by the impersonal profits to be made in transactional banking. They did not look for character as essential to their security. They invested in one-off transactions and increasingly in derivatives. They also relied on credit card and other unsecured forms of lending that could largely be administered by automated processes.
It became hard for a client even to see a branch manager, and many managers were retired early. I remember bright young managers who went from being high-flyers to redundancy in only a few years. This took the heart out of many British banks and left a gap in experience between ambitious juniors and board members who had not mastered the derivatives in which their bank was dealing. Bankers under 30 lacked the experience of banking; bankers over 45 did not understand derivatives that had not existed when they were being trained. Nor did the 45-year-olds feel at ease with the impersonal internet.
At the same time, global banking became infected by the more adventurous American attitude to risk. US banks, going back to their 19th-century origins, had always been more speculative than the British tradition. They were more willing to take a big risk for a big profit. In the period of the internet bubble of the 1990s and the housing bubble of more recent years, too many British and European banks made the mistake of accepting American levels of risk in the pursuit of maximum profits.
Huge sums were lent to clients who might not be able to repay. The systems of bonuses gave bankers strong incentives to gamble with the bank's money. They could not be supervised adequately by senior staff who did not grasp the details of the new securities in which their banks were speculating.
Where relationship banking still survives, there have been relatively few problems of bad debts. The problems have arisen in transactional and unsecured credit card banking with one-off or completely unknown customers. Of course the customers have often behaved badly; if a bank does not know its customers, who are only blips on a computer screen, some of them will behave badly. The bank only has itself to blame.
The Sunday Times yesterday had a blazing example of the evils that can result. Banks issuing credit cards have found a legal way of turning unsecured debt into debt secured on house property. That means that credit card debt, which banks have been ladling out to all comers, can lead to the repossession of the family home. Which bank is notorious for the harsh use of this loophole of which credit card customers were given no prior warning? Apparently it is Northern Rock, which was “rescued” by being nationalised. So the grotesque situation has arisen in which the Government is repossessing the houses of credit card customers - to their considerable dismay - as part of the rescue of an incompetently run bank.
The decline of moral responsibility has damaged British banks; it is the real flaw behind the credit crisis. There will be new regulation of the world's banking system after the crisis. Governments cannot risk another catastrophe on this scale. The banks need to change their behaviour. They need to re-establish relations with their clients and value experience in their staff. They need to beware of American-style, high-risk, high-return, policies. British banking was based on protecting the client's interest as well as the bank's. Bankers should not be ashamed of their Victorian heritage.
William Rees-Mogg has had a distinguished career with The Times and The Sunday Times. He was Deputy Editor of The Sunday Times before becoming Editor of The Times in 1967, a position he held until 1981. He was made a life peer in 1988. Since 1992 he has been a columnist for The Times, writing on a variety of issues. He has also been chairman of the Broadcast Standards Council and British Arts Council
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I remember my first meeting with my Barclays manager. As a newly commissioned officer he made it a point in investing in my future and I have remained loyal to this day. Sadly he was replaced a long time ago.
DO Cooper, Toronto, Canada
Clifford, the gold standard did not ruin manufacturing. Churchill's decision to honour an agreement with the US to return Sterling to the standard in 1925, at a pre-war rate which was too high, resulted in the pound being too strong...which helped ruin manufacturing.
Derek, Cape Town, SA
John (Kouvola) is right about Finnish banks. How long is it since anyone in the UK paid bank charges just for having a current account?
With regard to "Victorian values" they will not come back because the post-modern world can't cope with their basis - Christianity.
Bob Johnson, near Kuopio, Finland
All true, and good posts from Michael in Austin, kenrigg and Mark in Nottingham.
This is less about people being unable to pay (mostly, they try very hard) & more bankers/traders not knowing what the things they sold are worth.
Relationships are great, but can they compete in an internet world?
Ali, S Yorkshire, UK
Good character is not a good indicator of ability to repay - what if that nice person loses their job? Also, we all demand 'equality', not someone's discretion.
Hard and fast rules like 2.5x income are crazy - things like age, # dependents, current indebtedness, etc, are much more important...
Mark, Nottingham,
What price experienced personnel, the banks fired most of them in late 1990's. Then hired inexperienced science graduates to write programs in trading rooms, computer says sell etc., FSA is the same a wealth of experienced bankers out of work, what do they do hire graduates, no wonder can't cope
Alan, Preston,
This governement is currently dismantling the legal professions, commoditising they call it. Perhaps our MPs ought to be asking whether it is in the interests of society as a whole to have those who give legal advice think in the same way as those who sell baked beans
Peter Ryder, Middlewich, UK
Now you've got me singing the "Fidelity Fiduciary Bank" lyrics from Mary Poppins!!
"If you invest your tuppence
Wisely in the bank
Safe and sound
Soon that tuppence,
Safely invested in the bank,
Will compound
And you'll achieve that sense of conquest
As your affluence expands"........
Barbara, Baltimore, US
Is it a coincidence that since 1997, 'relationships' have taken second place to 'transactions' in most spheres of people's lives now ? Labour has created Breakdown Britain, a broken society in financial, emotional, family, cultural and moral terms.
Labour have got a LOT to answer for.
Rick, London, England
An old banking fraud, from America, which takes place in three stages: 1. Make illegal profits (on sub-primes) 2. Wait for the market to collapse, and short the market 3. Wait for market to bottom, and buy it cheap. Same as Nathan Rothschild's technique in 1815. Coincidence, or repetition??
H. Grattan, Sussex, UK
A wonderful article. A major problem for Britain is that you can substitute any of the professions; older doctors look at the person, younger ones at the targets. Nursing and teaching are just the same. It's partly an ageist thing, but also an ignorance of the value of experience.
Alastair Lack, Salisbury, UK
It seems banks want it both ways - high interest rates for unsecured debt and the ability to repo a house for said debt.
It seems a little harsh but it does rebalance the books for those who wish to live on other people's money without repaying it....
Mike Carter, Bristol,
The web site of Her Majesty's Courts Service states explicitly that 'You should note, however, that a charging order does not compel the judgment debtor to sell the property.'
Are you wrong, or are they?
Joseph Bruno, London,
Extend this analysis a little. Lehmans grew exponentially over about 10 years. Other banks too. Where did they get their staff ? Outside banking. Can academic qualifications subsitiute for experience ? No. When HSBC had early, vast sub-prime losses, who else looked for their own ? Nobody.
kenrigg, Hong Kong,
A charging order is not a "loophole" at all. It is court granted with debtor's knowledge.
I let my flat to a couple who did not pay 6 months rent, used as a deposit to buy a house. I obtained a charging order on it and when they sold 2 yrs later I was reimbursed (albeit with no interest or costs).
Simon, Mons, France
The banks could trade normally again tomorrow , they choose not to because they can't believe the amount of money being thrown at them from the government. The money men will depress the market until Gordon say's no more .
Britain will be bankrupt for the next 25 years .
The banks will not ..
Nick Dixon, Sutton Coldfield, England
I left UK 3 years ago to retire to Finland. Before I left almost every day a credit card offer came in the post . I went to my bank in Finland for a credit card. just to make it easy to book air flghst to the UK, I was turned down. Income too low! No Finnish banks are in need of rescue. Wonder why?
john, kouvola, finland
William Rees-Mogg has very articulately summed up the decline not only of banking standards,but of business in general.
Tony Renney, Workington, UK
I agree. Around 20 years ago Bank Managers and those who gained experience by coming up through the ranks left or were replaced by bean counters and people successful in other fields who only cared about profit.
Banks are not shops and CEO's should realise that - their customers have...
Bruce, Skipton,
Victorian values hurrah. Except, the gold standard also ruined British manufacturing but no bother, the banks were sound (apart from the odd crisis such as 1878 when the Glasgow Bank and the West of England Bank collapsed).
clifford, reading,
As an ex branch banker of nearly forty years I have seen banking change from being customer orientated to target driven. It became a question of making the targets set for you or you didn't get a bonus, or you were out of a job. The result was many branches sold inappropriate products.
David Moss, Wimborne, England
Banking failure, financial crisis..nothing new. During the 19th century we had major banking crisis in :
-Australia: 1826, 1828,1843 and 1857
- USA: 1819, 1837; depression from 1873 till 1896.
- UK : 1847, 1866
Moral responsability and money cannot go together,as history shows.
George, SA
Georges Geldhof, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
How many of us have walked into a bank to have a pushy salesperson try and sign us up for a credit card? it seems that modern banks have only been interested in volume sales never mind the risk, the same applies to loans and mortgages. Now the results are being reaped.
martin, Manchester,
I'm sure that now the Midas-like banks have found a way of turning unsecured debt into secured debt, we can look forward to credit card interest rates coming down to around 7%.
Andrew, London,
May I congratulate you Mr William Rees-Mogg for this article. I just have 2 questions, do you think that this new generation of Bankers you have mentioned will understand what you are talking about ?
Secondly do you think they know who you are talking of when talking of Queen Victoria ?
E. Bee, Toulouse, France
With the greatest respect to William Rees-Mogg whose values are spot-on.
Once the mutual respect between client & bank is eroded & lost it can never be recovered. Customer should move to another bank or Bank should close its doors.
Ex advisor to BBCI. http://www.factbook.net/bcci.php
Richard, Stanstead Abbotts,
Very good piece, but is relationship banking still possible in the age of debit cards, ATM's, and electronic transfers? Because of the electronic "convenience" factor I may get into my bank only a couple of times a year, and there is always someone new.
Michael, austin, usa
I couldn't agree more.
Unfortunately Banks and many other large corporations no longer see customers as people they need to build a relationship with. It's more like they view us as cash on legs
John Goode, Welwyn Garden City, UK
I really don't understand how an unsecured loan can be turned into a secured loan. There has always been a clear stated difference between the two. Whatever loophole these banks have found should be plugged immediately. It only requires will on the part of the government surely.
Lin, London, England
Why would trust an institution that is simply looking for a way to rip you off in everything it does. Take currency exchange -- a 10% or larger difference between buying and selling rates and they have the nerve to advertise 'no commission exchange'.
M smith, Bangkok, Thailand
When I took out my first mortgage (London, 1985), the 'old rules' were still in place: 2.5 times single income, 3.25 times joint, 10% deposit.
How Victorian is that?
David Ballantyne, Raleigh, NC,
Absolutely first-class writing. Unfortunately, the world is driving itself away from relationship banking, and from relationships altogether. In my country, specially after the 2001 banking crisis, banks never fully recovered their customers' trust.
Gonzalo, Buenos Aires, Argentina