Sean O’Neill
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A new translation of the Koran has set an American Muslim woman on a potentially dangerous collision course with fundamentalists.
Laleh Bakhtiar aims to reignite one of the most divisive debates in Islam by rejecting the idea that chapter 4, verse 34 of the Koran grants a husband the divine right to beat his wife.
Physical punishment is held widely to be an acceptable last resort in cases of disobedience after admonition and banishment from the marital bed. Dr Bakhtiar, 68, told The Times that anyone adhering to this interpretation of the verse had denigrated Islam.
Calls for the modernisation of Islam have led to women such as Taslima Nasrin, the Bangladeshi author, and Ayaan Hirsi Ali, the former Dutch MP, facing death threats.
The family of Dr Bakhtiar is fearful for her safety but the academic, based in Chicago, believes that it is God’s will to decide whether she will be vilified.
Imams on Arab television stations discuss frequently what one Qatari preacher called a “wondrous verse” and have even given details of rules for wife-beating. In Germany, the verse was cited by a judge as the reason that he refused a fast-track divorce to a Moroccan woman who was seeking to escape a violent marriage.
Dr Bakhtiar, who has written books on Islamic unity and translated 30 books on Islam and Islamic beliefs into English, says that the Koran does not convey a right to beat women. She has courted further controversy by removing the word “infidel” from her translation and by using “God” instead of “Allah”.
In addition to being American and female, Dr Bakhtiar, 68, is a convert from Christianity and is not a classically trained Arabic scholar. Her translation, The Sublime Quran, took seven years to complete and is not published until April 10, but the bloggers and chat rooms are active already.
She has been accused of having a predetermined agenda, and of not being qualified to translate the Koran. “I have been blessed to be able to complete this work but I have no idea what will happen now,” Dr Bakhtiar said. “My daughter is concerned, but I will deal with it when it comes.”
The key to the verse is the word “daraba” which, Dr Bakhtiar says, has 25 meanings in Arabic and has been variously translated as hit, strike, scourge, chastise, pet, tap and spank. The most common translation, however, is beat.
Dr Bakhtiar insisted that the correct meaning is to “go away from”. She said: “I’m trying to have Islam better understood — God knows if I’ll succeed or not. My other hope is that no woman will be beaten in the whole world, and certainly not in the name of God. I cannot see how I have done anything other than to elevate the Prophet and elevate the Koran by having it understood by more people.”
Aisha Bewley, who translated the Koran with her husband, said that they had opted for the translation “beat”. She said that the verse should be read only with a commentary that placed it in context.
“The best advice is that of the Prophet, who said ‘the worst of you are those who beat your wives’,” she said. Neal Robinson, a professor of Islamic studies, said that the translation of “daraba” as “hit” was inescapable.
He said: “There is a need to put passages like that in their historical context.”
In translation
“Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has given the one more [strength] than the other, and because they support them from their means. Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient, and guard in [the husband’s] absence what Allah would have them guard. As to those women on whose part ye fear disloyalty and ill-conduct, admonish them [first], [next] refuse to share their beds, [and last] chastise them [lightly]; but if they return to obedience, seek not against them means [of annoyance]: for Allah is Most High, Great [above you all].”
The Holy Qu’ran, translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali (1934)
“Husbands should take good care of their wives, with [the bounties] God has given to some more than others and with what they spend out of their own money. Righteous wives are devout and guard what God would have them guard in their husband’s absence. If you fear high handedness from your wives, remind them [of the teachings of God], then ignore them when you go to bed, then hit them.*” *this signifies a single blow #
The Qu’ran, translated by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem (2004)
“Men are supporters of wives because God has given some of them an advantage over others and because they spend of their wealth. So the ones who are in accord with morality are the ones who are morally obligated, the ones who guard the unseen of what God has kept safe. But those whose resistance you fear, then admonish them and abandon them in their sleeping place, then go away from them; and if they obey you, look not for any way against them”
The Sublime Quran, translated by Laleh Bakhtiar (2007)
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Laila, you mean all previous scholars got it wrong for 14 centuries when they translated daraba as beat. It doesn't agree with your feel good version of Islam does it. The Prophet Mohammed himself hit his child bride Ayesha on the chest which hurt her. Now he didn't dare hit Khadija,
shloka, Kolkata, India
Dr Bakhtiar is doing an excellent job, i have always had my doubts about the beating, the word Daraba has many meanings, ad it meanings to leave, or seperate, and this is backed up by Prophet Mohammed PBUH's sayings that: The best advice is that of the Prophet, who said the worst of you are those who beat your wives,
Laila, London, UK
Nomadic arabs used the word "beat", "hit" or "strike" to slice things (coconuts, melons...etc) in two. Therefore, when "hitting", "strinking" or "beating" a coconut/melon it will seperate it in to two pieces. The end result of beating... is seperation. The husband and wife are supposed to seperate from each other.
Salam!
Mohammed, London, UK
Dr Bakhtiar is doing an excellent job of translating the Quran correctly. The previous translators mostly translated the Quran through 8th century biases or lenses I might add. In otherwords through the eyes of the hadith writers and not from the Quran Itself. The previous writers never used tasreef ( where the Quran explains itself from different angles) and they did not have a knowledge of the dialect in which the Quran was revealed. Thirdly, they subscribed to the idee of Asbaab Unuzul - reason for revelation which made the Quran Mahjoor.
However, QXP, a translation by the esteemed scholar Dr Shabbir Ahmed has been translating these verses the same way as our Dr Bakhtiar for the last 4 or 5 years. The QXP translation or understanding of the Quran is freely available on the ourbeacon website for scrutiny.
Furthermore, there are many websites that have moved away from the 8th century imams and they all spread the same message that the Quran explains Itself.
Ridwaan, Cape Town, South Africa
What did Jesus do with the woman who was accused of adultery ? Protected her from stoning. Saying he who is without sin, let him cast the first stone. Well, nobody stoned her because ALL SIN. This includes muslims. ALL ARE SINNERS. None are above sinning.
Kat, nada, Tenn.
I suggest that all who take an interest in scripture of any tradition should purchase a copy of Sankara Saranam's book, God Without Religion. After a thorough reading of it, there can be no further arguments for or against any tradition. When we expand the parameters of our sense of self, we will experience Unity in place of separation and begin to enjoy the promise of all scripture.
Carole Ligi, Ellijay,
I find the intolerance of the first 3 commentators above disturbing and disheartening. It is when we dehumanize and cast others as inherently "different" that war and violence occurs, and we debase ourselves. Religions including Islam and Christianity have been subjected to patriarchal interpretation for centuries. I hardly think that if women had interpreted the Quran for centuries that they'd be prescribing wife-beating as acceptable behavior. And by the way, there is plenty of violence in the holy books of what Jim Matlock of Denver, above, describes as "more tolerant" faiths -- the Bible prescribes stoning to death for many offenses.
Angela Stephens, Washington, DC
This must be the islamic version of the Monasticism that wasted the time of countless Christian monks through the mideival centuries of Europe (how many angels can dance on the head of a pin was a seriously argued question). Good luck to Dr Bakhtiar. when she gets tired of the arguments maybe she can convert back to a more to a more tolerant faith, there are any number to choose from - but she can't.
Jim Matlock, Denver,
Interpretation and scholarly criticism of the Koran? Possibly R Samara is referring to 'ijtihad' which was rejected by all four Islamic schools by the 11th century! Also, ijtihad was meant to be undertaken by islamic legal scholars within very clearly and tightly delineated parameters. As to 'inner jihad' as a means to become a good moslem, that does not stand up to the Koran which deals emphatically and unmistakeably with jihad as permanent violent efforts to forcibly convert, subjugate or kill non-moslems. Also, the notion of 'inner jihad' relies on a 'weak' hadith (Muhammad commenting at the end of his career as a warlord that inner jihad was more difficult than outer jihad), so does not really have currency among moslems themselves.
interested reader, london,
Taqiyya alert here. According to Al-Azhar University, the foremost islamic school, referring specifically to Koran 4:34 verse:
"If admonishing and sexual desertion fail to bring forth results and the woman is of a cold and stubborn type, the Qur'an bestows on man the right to straighten her out by way of punishment and beating, provided he does not break her bones nor shed blood. Many a wife belongs to this querulous type and requires this sort of punishment to bring her to her senses.
Al-Azhar's scholars haven't confused 'beating' with 'tapping!'
The reason we are seeing items like this attempt to 'reinterpret' the Koran is because Muslims realise the modern Judaeo-Christian world finds Islam's teachings repugnant. Islam teaches that nothing can be added, taken out or changed in their Koran. Islam cannot be reformed and Westerners should emphatically reject it and its adherents who practise these doctrines.
student of Islam, london,
Interpretation, and scholarly criticism of the Qu'ran has traditionally been a duty for all educated Muslims. It is only relatively recently that such activity has been misclassed as "heresy". Far from revisionist, it is actually a requirement. Whether or not Dr. Bakhtiar's work is ultimately accepted by the community as a whole (or if it is even correct), such study should be applauded and encouraged, wherever possible. If any false claim is made in whole or part, one might expect it to be knocked down through open and clear debate. As a practicing Muslim myself, I have always considered the "beating" of wives/children/anybody as an utterly horrible prospect.
Rami Samara, Croydon, Surrey
I gather it was the ambiguity inherent in the scriptures of all of the Abrahamic faiths which led Mana to write his scriptures in pictorial form. Of course, what he forgot to take into account was that it is this very ambiguity which gives faiths their temporal power, and which attracts the men who would exploit them. That's why today most people have never heard of the Manichean faith.
The only truly eternal law of faith is Murphy's: anything that can be mis-interpreted for political gain, will be mis-interpreted for political gain.
Ian Kemmish, Biggleswade, UK
well, there must be complete accuracy and perfect in translation of Holy Quran.If there is not there will be laying and faking .The same principle can be applied to Bible and other holy books.And then let people believe what they believe .Faith does not need to enhance its constitutes.
respectfully
Yacoub, Iraq,
All the new and old translations reflect organic crisis of Islam. More reflective of Islam's messy household is the idea that a woman who abandoned Christianity to become a Muslim had to resort to deforming the original translation to protect her gender from the savagery of her fellow Muslim men. Dr. Laleh Bakhtiars conversion to Islam and then attempting to reform the faith sounds to me too fantastic. It is like abandoning a passive husband for a violent one and then seeking therapeutic restraints for the infantile wife beater. The best remedy is for women in Islamic societies is to reverse the text: run away from abusive husbands.
Tseggai Isaac, Rolla, Missouri, USA
more medieval rubbish. When will we learn?
Tom Katz, Weybridge, UK