Jonathan Sacks
Take a trip to New York and see the city from the air
Consider two moments in the history of Western civilisation. The first, from the late 15th century, concerns one of the moving spirits of the Italian Renaissance, Pico della Mirandola. Born into an aristocratic family, he was a child prodigy, mastering Latin and Greek at an early age. Initially intending a career in the Church he went to the University of Bologna to study law, but widened his interests to include philosophy, which he pursued at the universities of Ferrara and Padua.
In 1486 he completed his monumental 900 Theses on the entire range of human knowledge. To accompany them he wrote his Oration on the Dignity of Man, one of the masterpieces of Renaissance humanism. In it he argued that the human person was the centrepiece of creation, the only being other than God Himself who was endowed with freedom.
This is how he imagines God addressing the first human: “We have placed you at the world's centre so that you may survey everything else in the world. We have made you neither of heavenly nor of earthly stuff, neither mortal nor immortal, so that with free choice and dignity, you may fashion yourself into whatever form you choose. To you is granted the
power of degrading yourself into the lower forms of life, the beasts, and to you is granted the power, contained in your intellect and judgment, to be reborn into the higher forms, the divine.”
Five hundred years later a quite different statement about the nature and dignity of humankind appeared. Published in 1997 by members of the International Academy of Humanism, its signatories included distinguished scientists, philosophers and novelists. The subject at hand was the permissibility or otherwise of research into human cloning. The signatories all supported such research, and explained why.
“As far as the scientific enterprise can determine, Homo sapiens is a member of the animal kingdom. Human capabilities appear to differ in degree, not in kind, from those found among the higher animals. Humankind's rich repertoire of thoughts, feelings, aspirations and hopes seems to arise from electrochemical brain processes, not from an immaterial soul that operates in ways no instrument can discover.”
On this view, the human person is not distinctive at all. We are part of nature; nothing more. There is nothing corresponding to the soul, nor is there anything in the “rich repertoire” of works of the human spirit to differentiate us in kind from other forms of life. Our hopes, dreams and ideals “arise from electrochemical brain processes” - implying that this is all they are.
Quite apart from the genetic fallacy implicit in this statement (we are what we began by being: a butterfly is only a caterpillar, a human being only a naked ape), what is striking is the sheer loss of the sense of grandeur and possibility that drove Renaissance humanism. Reviewing this history of the descent of Man it is hard not to feel that we have lost as well as gained. For what does it profit humanity if it gains the world and loses its soul?
The odd thing is that dignity seems to go hand in hand with humility. Only when people discovered that they were not gods were they able to reach their full stature as human beings. Finding God, humanity found itself. Losing God, it is at risk of losing itself. For the biblical view of the human person - free, responsible, lonely yet capable of redeeming his or her loneliness through the moralisation of love - is what gave Western humanism its singular glory. For once, the human person confronted God in a realm of freedom and was lifted to the heights.
When human beings lose faith in God they lose faith in human beings. They abandon their moral qualms about abortion. Some, like the biologist Francis Crick, have no problem with infanticide. They favour voluntary euthanasia, death on demand. They give their support to eugenics and “designer children”. For what, after all, are we but a random concatenation of genes, a handful of dust?
Faith does not disagree; “From the dust you came and to the dust you will return.” It merely adds one detail. There is within us the breath of God. We have immortal longings. Lose this and we will lose all else. We will have knowledge without wisdom, technology without reticence, choice without conscience, power without restraint.
Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks is Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth
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Pau Williams wrote: "Humanity is at its very finest when acts of kindness / value / self-sacrifice are performed, not because some invisible policeman is watching, but because those acts are the right things to do." Who determines what is the "right thing", as right for some may be wrong for others.
Ewa, London, UK
I thought this piece was terrible in terms of rigor and argument.
The Rabbi reasons that because we are part of the animal kingdom and differ in degree not kind with other higher animals that we are not distinct from other animals. This is plainly false. A bit like saying that because a sandcastle only differs in degree and not kind from the undulating stretch of sand on a beach then we cannot distinguish a sandcastle from an undulating stretch of sand.
Slightly more promising is his take on another phrase " Our hopes and dreams arise from electrochemical processes" and thinks that this suggests that hopes and dreams are identical to electrochemical processes. This he says commits the generic fallacy. Whether it does or not is hard to tell.
However the Rabbi needs to be reminded that classic cases of the generic fallacy are
I have faith that God exists so God must exist
or
We have immortal longings so it must be possible to be immortal.
Julian
Cardiff
julian bennett, cardiff, s glam
There seems to be a misapprehension about what science claims. At any given time, science represents the sum total of what we can prove. At no time does it claim to be the sum total of everything that can be known. Religion on the other hand claims to represent absolute truth, while at the same time offering no proof that would be acceptable in a court of law or anywhere else for that matter. Does God exist? I do not know, there is no proof one way or the other. If we have a multiplicity of gods and a multiplicity of religions. Are they all right? Or is there only one particular religion or God which is right? Or, are religions and gods devices which allow us a false sense of certainty? If this is true they are nothing more than comforting speculations. However, as such, they may prevent us from discovering what is true. We see this demonstrated clearly in the extreme religious sects.
Remember a fool can ask more questions than a wise man can answer.
Bob Gibson, New York, USA
"why not make sure you enjoy today and every other day in this life we know we have." -Mark, Hong Kong
Enjoy? Yes, indeed we should enjoy today. But, you're dabbling in dangerously relativistic waters here. Certainly even Adolf Hitler enjoyed himself upon occasion. "Eat and drink for tomorrow we die" only works for so long.
I think this is what Rabbi Sacks is trying to say. I agree with Paul Williams of Northampton when he writes, "[we] find inspiration and grandeur in reaching true understanding of the universe." Indeed we do! But a purely humanistic approach ignores a great deal of this "understanding." If you reduce everything down to a bunch of electrochemical brain processes, what do you lose?
Yes, science can show us the mechanics of something (falling in love = electrochemical processes in the brain) but it cannot entirely describe its gravity upon human life. (Certainly "love" has a greater significance to individuals than the latter half of the above equation.)
Justin, Knoxville, TN, USA
Perfectly agree with Rabbi Sachs. I am Christian and perfectely recognize in his words the rationale of my belief .
I add:
"When human beings stop believing in God, they began believing anything", even that science is above everything, our conscience included.
olga, london,
Gosh what a damning indictment of the theist mind that is!
Humanity is at its very finest when acts of kindness / value / self-sacrifice are performed, not because some invisible policeman is watching, but because those acts are the right things to do.
The atheist who performs those acts without thought of celestial reward is infintely more 'holy' than the theist who believes he is ordered to do those acts.
The Rabbi doesn't seem able to find inspiration and grandeur in reaching true understanding of the universe. I find that that surprising and a little sad. Surely there can be very little that is better than learning, improving, discovering?
The article is very well written in a gentle style, but at the core there is a hidden warning that we should stop looking for answers, stop learning, stop advancing and instead remain ignorant to preserve faith.
That is the most disappointing part of the whole thing.
Paul Williams, Northampton, UK
The god-fearing certainly had more faith in human beings. What happened to the Midianites and the 7 nations who made the stupid mistake of living in the land which god gave the Israelites? This any-faith-is-better-than-no-faith-at-all lecture shows just how much Rabbi Sacks have had to concede to the scientific enlightenment and materialism
malcolm morris, London,
"We will have knowledge without wisdom, technology without reticence, choice without concience, power without restriant".
Sir Jonathan Sacks
Seems a perfect description of Israel and its actions against its neighbours.
Robin, Metepec, Mexico
God/Nature probably does even worse than Bob's conservative estimate. Spontaneous abortion occurs in at least 15 percent of clinically recognized pregnancies, but many women are not aware they are pregnant at the time of abortion.
One study of very early pregnancy diagnosed by urinary human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) measurements indicated that the rate of spontaneous abortion was about 43 percent (only 25 percent of these pregnancies were recognized at the time). The true incidence of spontaneous abortion (including unrecognized pregnancy loss) has been estimated to be 50 to 78 percent of all conceptions.
If there is a God he hasn't planned it very well, and has created and still does create many billions of lost souls without a cerebral life to give meaning to them!!!
bill, towoomba,
Whether one has faith in a god or not is of no importance.How people live their lives is what matters.There is no evidence that belief in the supernatural makes one a better person.I
Iain Rae, Tunbridge Wells, U.K.
All religions, including that of Sir Jonathan, arose as primitive attempts to deal with uncertainty. Rather than examining what was currently known they substituted an artificial certainty. This led to two problems, firstly, it was not necessary to re-examine the basic ideas underlying any given religion,in some cases it was even forbidden to do so. Secondly religions took little account of advances in human knowledge. As a result each religion, periodically paints itself into a corner from which it cannot escape. I think that Jonathan has given us a prime example of this. He singles out Sir Francis Crick for having no problem with infantcide, but neglects to inform us that 25% of all human pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion. In the light of this how does his God compare to Sir Francis? He also uses a typical religious tactic y stating that if we lose religion or we lose humanity. But he offers no evidence to support this statement.
Bob Gibson, New York, USA
Oh Jonathan, you do so want (us humans) to be something special. Oughtn't we to show a little more humility?
alan, germany,
"to you is granted the power, contained in your intellect and judgment, to be reborn into the higher forms, the divine", says the rabbi, and contained within is the ability to have tickets on himself as being greater than he may in fact be.
"the human person is not distinctive at all. We are part of nature; nothing more. There is nothing corresponding to the soul, nor is there anything in the ârich repertoireâ of works of the human spirit to differentiate us in kind from other forms of life". There is all that is human within us to differentiate us, and that is a vast array of abilities and properties.
"For what does it profit humanity if it gains the world and loses its soul?" What does it profit anyone to act as if he has a soul if he doesn't possess one? To lead such a life would be folly indeed.
bill, towoomba, aust
A staggering list of non sequiturs!
Derek, Lewes, East Sussex
Even more terrifying than this evil "rampant secularism" is the rampant belief in an imaginary man in the sky, who, like a spoiled angry child, wants to destroy any living creature that does not do exactly as they're told.
Rifter, Seattle, WA, USA
This is the LOGICAL outworkings of atheism but most people do not follow the argument through to its conclusion.
The consequence of this incoherent thinking or limited thinking is that people do not face the full horrors of rampant secularism.
It worries me that we could wander blindly into such a world, embracing its full teaching without ever realiising its consequences until it's too late.
Just stop to consider the reality of a fully outworked moral relativism powered by a survival-of-the-fittest mentality and the excuses this would allow.
I find it truly terrifying!
Nathan, Inverness, UK
Sir Jonathan's line "Only when people discovered that they were not gods were they able to reach their full stature as human beings",
...should probably read...
"Only when people finally understand that they are no gods will they able to reach their full stature as human beings"
Rather than waiting for a second chance in some mystical after-life you might have, why not make sure you enjoy today and every other day in this life we know we have.
Mark, Hong Kong,