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Among the more obscure provisions of the last Labour manifesto was a commitment to undertake a review of the various voting systems introduced since the party came to office. That exercise was duly undertaken at the old Department for Constitutional Affairs, completed months ago but remains unpublished. A copy has, though, come into the hands of this newspaper, as we report today. It concludes that many of the arguments made in favour of electoral reform for the Westminster Parliament are spurious.
This is, by implication, of wider embarrassment to its advocates. Britain (excluding Ulster) once had the most straightforward of voting arrangements. The simple plurality or first-past-the-post system was employed for all contests. Since 1997, however, an array of new methods has been introduced at many levels. Different versions of the Additional Member System (AMS) have been imposed for elections to the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Assembly and the Greater London Assembly. The Single Transferable Vote (STV) was selected for the Northern Ireland Assembly and also most recently for elections to local councils in Scotland. Mayors in London and elsewhere are selected by the supplementary vote (SV). Many in the Labour Party have suggested that the Alternative Vote might be valuable if the House of Lords is reconstituted. And a party list is the means by which members of the European Parliament are chosen.
If these changes have added anything to British politics, it is confusion. This was dramatically illustrated in Scotland earlier this year when the decision to hold an election for the Holyrood Parliament by AMS and local government seats through STV meant that many ballot papers were incorrectly handled by voters and the credibility of the entire electoral process was brought into question. It is doubtful whether Londoners who will vote for their mayor by SV and their Assembly members by AMS next year can explain how their preferences are to be translated.
This might not matter if the virtues claimed for proportional representation occurred. The evidence, though, is that they do not. There is no reason to think that people will be more likely to vote if they calculate that a new electoral system will somehow make their voice louder in the democratic chorus. And there is no proof that a different electoral system would lead to more women or people from ethnic minorities in the House of Commons. All that would be ensured is a far higher prospect of there being no overall majority for any party .
This is the nub of the issue. The current electoral system has the drawback of giving the largest single minority at Westminster an extremely large share of political power. Yet proportional representation would mean that much smaller minorities would wield undue influence, as without them it would not be possible to form a stable administration. Would this constitute progress?
It is not surprising, therefore, that the official Review of Voting Systems could not work up any enthusiasm for overhauling the current system. What is more intriguing is why the 110-page report has not seen the light of day until this morning. There has to be the suspicion that Labour, aware that at some point it might need the assistance of the Liberal Democrats to survive in office, is unwilling to offend its potential partners by publishing a document which is so damning of their pet project. Sustaining a dubious deal at a later date is surely the worst argument for PR.
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Opponents of electoral reform always drag up the Italian list system . No campaigner in the UK is advocating lists of any kind. There is no perfect electoral system but first-past-the-post is undoubtedly the least perfect, giving us, at present for instance, an elective dictatorship for which nearly 80% of the electorate did NOT vote. Indeed we always have an elective dictatorship and a particularly shocking example of this was in 1983 when Thatcher was empowered to continue ramming her vicious reactionary policies down the throats of the majority even though she had the support of a mere 31% of the total electorate. She owed her huge phoney majority of 144 to the fact that although the LibSDP got more than a quarter of all votes cast they got a mere 23 seats whereas on any rational fair basis they should have got around 160
The soundest system is STV which, incidentally, the Westminster government reintroduced enthusiastically into Northern Ireland in the early seventies.
J Patterson, London,
Dear Sir,
Is it surprising that UK citizens appear to be a nation of moaners and grumblers when our Government is always formed by a party which represents a minority of the electorate?
Most of us are hardly ever represented at all so we are perpetually disgruntled.
The birthing pangs of democracy going on in Scotland and Wales are intriguing to watch as the old parties of power are having to come to terms with the fact that they cannot have things all their own way anymore. "Buggins turn" has been abolished!
All that remains to be done is for a fair voting system to be put in place for UK elections - local, regional and national - and what Francis Pym described as an elective dictatorship will be gone for good!
Colin Wells, Lubenham, Leics
What is the purpose of an election in a democratic system? For me an election is THE litmus test of any democracy. Is an election's sole purpose concerned with securing the right to wield political power or should it focus on establishing a body accurately representing the political preferences of those who vote. I always thought it was the latter rather than the former. There is much talk about effective government in this debate but who defines what "effective" means in this context? No, the aim of any election should be an outcome reflecting, with a reasonable degree of accuracy, the political preferences of the entire electorate. Only proportionality delivers that goal and those deriding PR know only too well the real nature of their disingenuous and mendacious arguments. FPTP = democratic post code lottery. STV in Multi-Member constituencies NOW!
Peter Davidson, Alderley Edge, NW.England
It is clear that the current First Pass the Post voting system is not delivering representative democracy. For instance how have we ceded so much of our sovereignty to the EU without reference to the people, how have we imported five million immigrants against the will of the people. How many international treaties have been signed on our behalf which are not in our interests. Yes our voting system need shaking up. Personaly I think Proportional Representation would very very quickly lead to a government and program which would respect the will of the people. It would also stop all these minority fringe groups from hyjacking the major parties as PR encourages smaller parties which have to work together, these smaller parties will be mich more sensitive to their electorate. The result ,a representative coalision which represents the broad majority of views in Britain.
John, Oldham,
Anybody who promolgates a proportional voting system should look at the practical results, as exemplified by Italy! The directly proportional system in Italy has lead to:
- the use of 'party lists' to choose MPs to balance the party members to the national proportional vote, thus preventing the accountability of an MP to constituency members;
- lack of accountability of MPs who can look after their own narrow interests without any voters' penalties at the next election!;
- many parties (22?) represented in parliament, most of them very small;
- a constant need for coalition government with unreliable partners;
- undue power of small coalition partners to block legislation supported by the majority of the populace, by threatening to break the coalition;
- no inducement to have any form of national consensus;
- ineffective government lacking both domestic and foreign clout.
The first past the post system avoids these systemic weaknesses! Britain would change at its peril.
Peter Mearns, Aquileia, Italy
Dear Sir,
As ever, there is an assumption that strong government is good government. One of our problems is that we have too much government. Why should parties be able to carry legislation which does not have majority support? It's mind-boggling that we have ever allowed such a system to develop. Give me weak government where new legislation can clear the hurdle only if it carries cross-party support.
Yours faithfully
Jamie Maitland, Kirkcudbright, Scotland
"Yet proportional representation would mean that much smaller minorities would wield undue influence, as without them it would not be possible to form a stable administration."
True, oh so very true.
Here in Norway the last government was a collection of right wing parties. The Christian Peoples Party had 6% of the vote and its leader Kjell Magne Bondevik demanded and was given the office of Prime Minister, his price for joining the coaliton. He had a cabinet minister whose party had 2% of the vote!
PR allows a plethora of parties to be elected, but the subsequent horse trading to form a government allows the majority to be ruled by the minority, not really an improvement on the first past the post system.
Bob Fisher, Tjøme, Norway
I would think the latest PR based election result in Scotland would support the whole case for it. The scottish have got what they wanted for their country, they kicked labour out and managed to moderate the more excessive calls for Scottish independence from the SNP and instead got a more moderate push for greater powers in the assembly. With a first past the post system they would either be stuck with an un-popular labour party due to not wanting independence or voting in an SNP party that would have had the power to do what they liked!
From the reporting in this article it sounds like this report was based on the results of piece mail changes made and voters being confused with a brand new system they've never used before... shock horror. I don't know how anyone can look at Westminster today and tell me with a straight face everything is A OK.
Stephen, Maidstone, UK
Despite all the arguments of the authors of this report the heart of issue is that First Past the Post is undemocratic where there are more than two political parties.The result today is that Labour got 35% at the last election and 55% of the vote .How can this be fair and democratic.As multi party politics is here to stay we see the proportion of votes for Labour and Conservatives combined decline election afte election (72% of those who voted last time). Increasingly we will see results like 2005 where a distorted result is produced.How distorted does it have to get before the powers that be see sense ! Also it amazes me that the Conservatives continue to cling on to the hope that FTTP will deliver them an election victory.
Richard Dawson, Chester, UK
You have chosen very select pieces of information from this report. On p6 it states: "All the new systems have achieved a higher degree of proportionality in outcome than First Past the Post, although only STV in Northern Ireland has achieved what academic observers consider to be close to genuine proportionality. While the FPTP system for Westminster currently favours the Labour Party, it is capable of large swings in seats won by two major parties and this is less predictable with the advent of a relatively storng third party, the Liberal Democrats".
Also, in its conclusion the report states, ... "STV, which can deliver a high degree of proportionality and maintain constituency links..." and gives examples of where it has been tried: Rep. of Ireland and the Australian Senate.
The current unfair system favours Labour to a startling degree. To win the next General election the Conservatives have to achieve over 40% of the vote while Labour only has to get 35%.
Janice Small, Sevenoaks, Kent
It has been already observed "There is no situation so dire that politicans cannot make it worse".
I cannot but think, with my awful anti EU bias, this latest fiasco
ranks with many other attempts to `Europeanise` us under the
cloak of "modernisation".
We have a Crown Prosecution Service which daily becomes a
vehicle for investigation with powers to instruct the Police.
We have a desperate attempt to abolish a user friendly system of weights and measures.
Sooner or later, sadly it may well be too late, the UK will realise just what a confidence trick this " great and wonderful"
European Union really is.
Peter Bolt, Redditch, UK
Delivering a fair voting system is not the "pet project" of any particular party, but an aim which unites members across all major parties in the UK and which would deliver for all voters a meaningful say in the outcome of elections.
Under the current FPTP voting system voters in traditionally "safe seats" find that the outcome is already effectively certain in their area, even prior to a single vote having been cast. With the increasing concentration on swing voters in the key marginals, it is increasingly the case that a small minority of electors wield massively disproportionate influence whilst the majority is left practically disenfranchised.
How can anyone seriously defend such a situation? A clear majority of the world's voting systems incorporate some form of PR. Are we really to believe that the British are too easily confused to have a fairer, more sophisticated system which allows for greater choice?
Michael Calderbank, London, UK
"Yet proportional representation would mean that much smaller minorities would wield undue influence, as without them it would not be possible to form a stable administration."
Not True.
"Stable" in this context is just what we do not want !
There is far, far too much government. One of your commentators calls for us to kill a Quango, which illustrates this.
PR will assure less government, more consultation to get a consensus and better thought out laws.
Your advocacy, in the face of the experience of the rest of the world rests on the technical drawbacks, and really just goes to show how "Britain knows best" is still extant.
John Gregory Flinn, Béalencourt, France