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Writing in 1946, George Orwell lamented “the fog of lies and misinformation that surrounds such subjects as the Ukraine famine ...” Even the fall of communism has done little to dispel the fog.
This year marks the 75th anniversary of the famine, known as the Holodomor, in which millions of peasants perished owing to Stalin's forced collectivisation of agriculture. Ukraine's authorities are erecting a series of national monuments. Russia objects (see page 29).
Memory is bound up with politics. Ukraine's President, Viktor Yushchenko, seeks support from Western nations in having the Holodomor declared an act of genocide. Russia opposes fiercely what it sees as a politicised and nationalistic campaign. There must be a historical reckoning for one of the great humanitarian catastrophes of the last century. But the manner of that commemoration risks inflaming relations between Ukraine and Russia, and exacerbating the Kremlin's distrust of the West.
The fault in this case lies with an increasingly erratic Russian regime. It is true that the famine afflicted more regions of the Soviet Union than the Ukraine alone. But if the effects of the famine were widespread and indiscriminate, the intent of Stalin's campaign was deliberate and ferocious. It attacked the peasant's ties with the land; and it attacked the Ukrainian peasant's sense of national belonging.
No one has illuminated this episode more than the historian Robert Conquest in his great work The Harvest of Sorrows. He recounts a pitiless use of starvation as a political tool to destroy a nation. Ukraine's borders were sealed; Ukrainian peasants were repelled from Russian villages to starve. The word “genocide” is a postwar and sometimes politically charged coinage. As a description of Stalin's assault on Ukraine's peasantry, it is far from hyperbole.
It is not Ukraine that is pressing a nationalist agenda. Russia under Vladimir Putin and Dimitri Medvedev has consistently taken an overbearing and obstructionist approach to relations with the former Soviet republics. Obscuring the national character of the Holodomor is consistent with Russia's meddling in Ukraine's presidential elections in 2004, or its economic blockade of Georgia in 2006.
The reaction of Western democracies has been too accommodative lately, more doormat than sentry - witness the barring in April, after intense Russian lobbying, of Georgia and Ukraine from the first stage of joining Nato. Recognition of the peculiarly national character of the famine is about historical truth. The Cold War was won, among other things, to ensure that states admit the facts and their faults.
The struggle between East and West was neither an accident nor a mistake, but an inevitable outcome of the diplomacy adopted by Stalin during and after the wartime alliance. It was not only a competition for power, but also an argument over ideologies, a contest between the State's authority and individual liberty.
It would be a betrayal of that record, and of history, if we were to temper our public understanding of Stalin's crimes in the interests of an easier relationship with the Kremlin's current occupants. Relations between states fluctuate; the victims of history remain.
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Andy, LA. And another thing. Ukraine has been a 'nation' for longer than 20yrs. It's had its own cultural identity and language for hundreds of years. The Russians had banned Ukrainian in the 19C. Ukraine was recognised as being distinct & was a Soviet Republic in its own right.
Roman , Southampton,
To Andy
"English language and culture were imposed on Irish" - so was Russian language consistently imposed on the Ukrainians. It's easy to dismiss account of nation-formation to "historical mythmaking", but you should at least bother to read about linguistic colonization of Ukraine in the XIX c.
Sofiya, Berlin,
To ANDY: You must be either naive, ignorant or have a hidden agenda. Everybody educated enough knows that Ukrainians and Russians are not only different peoples that speak different languages; they also have different history & mentality. Even 4 centuries of Russian oppression didn't kill it!
Andrew, London, the UK
Anna, Kiev wrote: Ukrainians were stripped of all of their food ..which Russian communists pulled out of their stoves!
Those who were expropriating food were Ukranian communists. Those communists making policies in Moscow were from all over the USSR, with Ukranians having a big share.
Andy , Los Angeles,
To Stella - English language and culture were imposed on Irish. Germans & Austria is a better comparison, except that they existed as separate states for centuries. Ukraine and Russia became separate only 20 years ago; they are still one people.
Andy, Los Angeles,
To Anna from Kiev - Your story is a myth created by nationalists. State of Ukraine was only born <20 years ago. Before that it was a province of Russia and, during some periods, of Poland.
Andy, Los Angeles,
To Andy - Indeed, the old Ukrainian state of Kyiv Rus in X-XIII c. (not to be confused w/Russia which emerged centuries later) had a crucial impact on the establishment of Moskowia (then Russia) and Belarus. However, your claim is as inaccurate as saying e.g. that Poles and Czechs are the same.
Anna , Kyiv, Ukraine
The ? is in not who but how they died. Unlike other victims of that famine, Ukraiinians were stripped of all of their food supply including pots w/hot dinner which Russian communists pulled out of their stoves!& the majority couldn't escape to other republics because they were stopped on the border.
Anna , Kyiv, Ukraine
To Andy-Would you say same abt Irish & English- they at least speak one language unlike Ukrainians & Russians whose languages are so far apart they're not considered dialects by linguists. How abt Germans & Austrians? I hope not because as a Canadian I don't want be considered as "one" with US...
Stella, Toronto, Canada
Jim, Northridge, USA wrote: "Then this should present no problem for Russia to admit that the Holodmor did happen".
Russia does not deny Holodomor. Official Russian position is that Holodomor was not genocide.
Andy, Los Angeles,
Some Ukranian nationalists here argued that people in Don and Volga regions were Ukranians as well. I extend this thesis further by claiming that Ukranians and Russians (and Belorussians) are one people, speaking dialects of one language and having slight variations of the same culture.
Andy, Los Angeles,
Egor, how could you miss it! Those people from the Don region, including my ancestors who survived only because they were sent to Siberia earlier - they were "Ukrainians". So says the official Ukrainian history. They are Cossacks, and all Cossacks are Ukrainians by definition. Even in Far East.
Oleg, Ontario, Canada
I do not see Ukraine,EU,USA blaming Russia for genocide. Surprisingly, Russia is crying out loud that they did not kill those people on every single corner of the world.Denying genocide made by USSR is the first step towards the new one.World turned away in 1932-33, are we going to stay blind?
Smith, Odessa,
I believe the current Russian government has stated that they are not responsible for the actions of the Soviet Union as the Soviet Union no longer exists. Then this should present no problem for Russia to admit that the Holodmor did happen. Only then can all people begin to heal.
Jim, Northridge, USA
I do not see Ukraine, EU, USA blaming Russia for genocide. Surprisingly, Russia is crying out loud that they did not kill those people on every single corner of the world. Denying genocide made by USSR is the first step towards the new one. World turned away in 1932-33, are we going to stay blind?
Smith, Odessa,
That was the Soviet Union led by a Georgian but the current Russia (being part of it) is guilty and current Ukraine (being another part) is not. Millions of Russians died during that famine but it was... an accident? A million of Kazakhs died as well but they are not even mentioned.
Egor, Moscow,
Each time this issue is raised Russians deflect the accusation by pointing to other groups that suffered under their brutality. I would like to point out that although Jews weren't the only ones to suffer in WWII the Holocaust is generally considered a genocide perpetrated on Jews.
Ted, Hillsboro, OR, US
Yes Oleg, it was genoside, your history books are written to order. Ukraine, The Bread-Basket of Europe, could not starve for other reasons than an artificially created starvation. At the same time Soviet Union was selling bread abroad, as if everything was all right. We will not forget this.
Alla, Nottingham, UK
My grampa and granma told me how they preferred to flee from Horlivka, Donbas in 1946 to Makhach-kala, Dagestan because they were afraid of the famine, that started then in Ukraine. And they did learn their lesson from 1933 well.
Serhij, Toronto, Canada
in 1932 - 1933 there was famine in most of the USSR, however the genocidal death rates occured in Ukraine, and in other areas of the Soviet Union which had primarily Ukrainian 'speaking' peoples such as the Kuban and parts of the Volga River.
Greg, New York, USA
Ufff...
'The fault in this case lies with an increasingly erratic Russian regime', 'It is not Ukraine that is pressing a nationalist agenda'
Genocide - one nation kills another. A hunger in 3 republics with mixed population, by Stalin's (Georgian!) order - a genocide?! From Russia?? To Ukraine??
Oleg, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
The Ukrainian Government has released thousand of formerly top secret government archieves which clearly indicate that the Holodomor was an act of genocide on the part of Moscow. President Putin is can't release the Soviet archieves because they would clearly point to an act of genocide in Ukraine.
Markian, Toronto, Canada
Certainly, the famine didn't ask people of their nationality. Yet, why only Ukr. peasants were denied any chances of seeking refuge from it? Why was the famine accompanied by closure of Ukr. schools, newspapers, theatres, etc.? Why were Ukr. wandering singers of trad. songs shot into the bargain?
Gennadi, Kiev, Ukraine
I'm from Povolgie, Russia. This's a place where are from Orange Ukraine nationalist takes photos about Holodomor saying that's from Ukraine.
Terrible hunger was in USSR . But it wasn't opposite only for Ukrainians and Russians in Ukraine (sometimes these nationalist forgot about died Russians).
Pavel S.Tsarevskiy, Samara, Russian Federation
One should also take note that it was the Chechen people that had rescued over 700,000 innocent Ukrainians from certain death during the imposition of Russia's genocide in Ukraine. Just one more reason why people living in eastern Ukraine are eternally indebted to their Chechen brothers & sisters.
Hryhoriy, New York,
My relative from Don (Russia) told me that only 1 child (his father) out of 16 survived. The difference from Ukraine was that Russians fought and Stalin had to use NKVD regiments and cannons to kill them. The article says that only Ukrainians matter and only them have "sence of national belonging".
Egor, Moscow,