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At 3.23pm Eastern Standard Time yesterday, the House of Representatives voted down the controversial bailout plan that was designed to shore up the US banking industry. This marked a dangerous moment in history. For the plan was not just about saving Wall Street bankers: it was also about protecting the livelihood of millions from a deep economic recession.
The lead-up to yesterday’s debate in Congress was a week of terrifying brinkmanship, as the US Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson struggled to convince Republicans and Democrats that his $700 billion bailout plan was essential to unfreeze the credit markets and hence the financial system. The debate itself was no less nail-biting. The Republicans voted against the Bill in sufficiently large numbers to prompt many Democrats to step back, resulting in the defeat of the plan by 228 votes to 205.
The Republicans who killed the plan yesterday had misread this plan fatally, as simply a lifeboat for fat-cat bankers on Wall Street. In fact, the collapse of the plan threatens all of Main Street, in America and further afield. The repercussions were already beginning to become evident last night as stock markets around the globe plunged. There will have been no clearer signal to Congress of the havoc that it may reap if it does not rescue the Bill in good time.
That a Republican Administration had been prepared to nationalise bankers’ bad debts was extraordinary enough in itself. George W. Bush had found his inner Franklin D. Roosevelt. But there was good historical precedent. As it had done before, Washington decided to put the systemic risks posed by the financial system ahead of niceties about moral hazard.
The plan was ambitious. Henry Paulson, the US Treasury Secretary, intended to nationalise the global risks associated with America’s sub-prime mortgages by setting up a relief fund to buy up the mortgage assets that are poisoning banks’ balance sheets and sowing the distrust that has prevented banks from lending to each other. The intention was to restore liquidity, by removing the “toxic” assets that are clogging up the credit markets and not trading. The paralysis in the credit markets had truly reached crisis point. On Wednesday credit spreads had reached their highest level yet – a measure of extreme market jitters.
The problem for Washington was that all of this seemed far from the daily lives of American citizens. Congressional leaders came hard up against the “no blank cheque” mentality of ordinary Americans already under pressure from the collapse of the housing market and the down-turn in employment figures. Barney Frank, chairman of the Financial Services Committee, put the situation succinctly: “It is hard to get political credit for something that has not yet happened.” This helped Republicans to argue that economic freedom means letting businesses go to the wall, conveniently ignoring the likely consequences. Congressmen of both stripes were also irritated by what they saw as Mr Paulson’s excessive demands for authority. Not everyone was attracted to the idea of Mr Paulson as de facto President.
A second aspect of the problem is that this is 2008, not 1929. Events in global markets move at internet speed. It took more than six months to pass the legislation to set up the Restoration Trust Corporation in 1989, and that was not an election year. This week alone has marked the bailouts of banks in six countries. It took seconds from the congressional vote for the Dow Jones to start falling. The fallout will be felt globally, but the world was looking to America for a solution. If America’s elected representatives do not realise the potential damage they have caused, they need to think again – fast.
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700 billion-not enough to stop failing world econmy; experts won't know what 2 do with it (they got us here). What of hedge funds or credit funds; these hold trillions of collateral-less ness. Markt will self-correct- not even trillions 2 buy xpensiv paper 2 save specultrs w/ tax $ will help . ;(
nelson bran, whittier, USA
We may need to bail the banks out to save our economy, but I would not support this passing without requiring the banks to first offer low cost refinancing to those who want to try to stay in their home before making us take on this debt!
Libby, Parkdale, USA
We need to be very HOPEFUL, CAREFUL & LUCKY at this point; we are already near, or on the verge of, a second "GREAT DEPRESSION".
Blowing chances like this, is incredibly irresponsible. Even if we get it right & do it quick, things are not guaranteed. This is not a good game, to be playing.
Thomas W, Auckland, NZ
This article overlooks a key point. That $700 billion was not Henry Paulson's money, nor President Bush's money, nor Congress's money. It was the money of the American people, who had made it clear they were massively opposed to its being spent in this way. Congress did the only defensible thing.
Robert Firth, Singapore,
Dim comments from 'Main Street'. This toxic debt is mortgage defaulting from Stockton to downtown Detroit.
Big banks shouldn't have made credit easy, Greenspan shouldn't have kept interest rates low after 9/11 and Clinton shouldn't have passed the CRA bill.
But we need the rescue now.
J H Holloway, London, UK
What is a job when you have already lost your country?
JJ, Wellesley, MA, USA
if people have narrow minded attitude to let wall street go to hell then the financal system will cease up, companies national and multi national will not be able to raise cash and will fill for bancrupcy, millions unemployed and losing their homes - the people will suffer more than wall street...
c alum kirkland, glasgow, united kingdom
From the comments here and on US websites, it appears that the ordinary US citizen is against this. I am now afraid they are headed for a depression, which I regret deeply. However Europe now needs to find its own solution. A central clearing party for EU inter-bank lending would be a start.
Andrew Piercy, London, UK
I get the impression that bulk of us down here at the bottom of the food chain are resigned to the fact that the US economy is collapsing and it will have difficult - if not catastrophic - implications for us, but let the system collapse. It's the cost of having a (relatively) free economy.
Michael Cyr, Charlotte, USA
We in America are going to have a serious recession in any event. How squandering an additional trillion dollars on the Fat Cat Titans of Wall Street, will mitigate the recessions' effects, is beyond me. Frankly, Wall Street can go to Hell... it will just be joining the rest of middle America.
Dave H, Alexandria VA, USA
Japan had a similar credit crunch in 1991 which sharply sent their economy into 11 years of recession until 2002, with huge amount of job losses and absolute misery for the average worker through out the whole decade. Essentially the whole economy froze with bad debts. This bailout is a MUST.
Takeshi, London, Great Britain
Warren Buffett is said to have written $billions of put options, i.e. stands to lose a fortune if the rescue plan fails and markets fall. If that is true, his recommendation should be regarded with suspicion, Katherine.
Cyril Berkeley, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Payday has finally come to the greedy Wall Streeters who have been getting away with financial murder for years. Let them all fall! Sure Mainstreet will suffer, but so what? We're the ones who have been suffering all along anyway. Why should we care? We're already hurting. Let them suffer too
Mike, Hoosick Falls, USA
As a US citizen, I see a president who lied us into war - whose energy policy has given us the highest gas prices combined with the highest profits ever for oil companies - now asking us to spend nearly a trillion US dollars to socialize Wall Street. He squandered our trust and now we all pay.
Anne Ward, Libertyville, United States
RBS, AIG, the UAE, Tata, et al are NOT Main St! The millions who lose jobs will be those who earn their living outsourcing America.
The bailout was about bankrupting the US, hedged by foreign and corporate elites. We demand investigations and lawsuits!
Marie, Boston, MA US
This is a sad day. All because of some ill-informed, uneducated, "leaders" in Congress. When someone in Congress, voting on the health of America's and the global economy, votes down a plan defined by learned individuals and recommended by no less than Warren Buffett they need to be replaced!!
Katherine, Atlanta, Georgia,