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“Outstanding. Probably the best shot, male or female, we have yet had,” ran an early report on Pearl Witherington during her training for the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in 1943. Once trained, she was parachuted into German-occupied France as an SOE courier. When the leader of her group was caught by the Gestapo, she took over the organisation of a 2,000-strong band of French maquisards, and conducted herself with great gallantry with them. For this she was appointed MBE (Civil Division) but returned the insignia with an icy note saying that she had done nothing remotely “civil”.
Born in 1916 in Paris, from where her father travelled widely as the supplier of Swedish paper used in the manufacture of bank notes, she had an instructive childhood. Her father lived very extravagantly and she once returned to their apartment to see the family furniture being piled up in the street by the bailiffs.
At the time of the German Blitzkrieg into northern France in May 1940, she was working as an assistant to the Air Attaché in the British Embassy, but through being “locally enlisted” was not included in the official evacuation scheme and had to make her way to England through the Vichy-controlled zone (which initially avoided German occupation) then via neutral Spain to Portugal, from where she boarded a coaster to Gibraltar.
She arrived in England in July 1941. Yet although burning with zeal to do something seriously worthwhile for the war effort, it took two years before she found her niche in SOE. At the end of her training, her final report assessed, “This student, although a woman, has got leader's qualities. Cool, resourceful and extremely determined. Very capable, completely brave.” She completed parachute training without hesitation or difficulty; only Morse code gave her problems but she was to be a courier between SOE groups, not a radio operator.
Parachuted into the Châteauroux district on the night of September 22-23, 1943, after failed attempts on the two previous nights when the pilot could not find the dropping zone, she was blown by a high wind away from the DZ but eventually found by Squadron Leader Maurice Southgate, leader of SOE's “Stationer” circuit operating between Périgueux and Montluçon. Three weeks later Southgate was recalled to London for an expected two weeks consultation which ran into three months. Pitched in at the deep end, Witherington took over the handling of the Stationer circuit, aided only by her radio operator and another courier, Jacqueline Nearne.
A sabotage attack on the Michelin tyre factory at Clemont-Ferrand, in which 40,000 tyres for the German army were destroyed, was carried out by maquisards working on her guidance. She judged it less than ideally successful, however, reporting to London, “If they had been better trained they would certainly have done better.” At this stage, she was still without a reasonably safe base and so spent her time travelling about the region at night, when German or Vichy police checks were less frequent, using a first-class season ticket.
Her first narrow escape was not from the enemy, but from a French Resistance group with whom she was unable to establish her SOE credentials until she gave the name of the farmer into whose field she had parachuted. The second occasion was more nerve-racking. After his return in January 1944, Southgate sent her to check out a supposed contact in Poitiers from whom he had received a letter. Warned by a concierge in Poitiers that the house she was to visit was full of Gestapo and the owners arrested, she returned immediately to report to Southgate.
The most urgent task for the Stationer circuit in the spring of 1944 was preparation to receive the three-man groups of “Jedburghs” - SOE officers to be dropped in uniform on or soon after D-Day in June, to guide the various factions and groups of the French Resistance on acts of sabotage helpful, rather than a hindrance, to the Allied landings and subsequent breakout in Normandy. Southgate was arrested by the Gestapo in Montluçon at the beginning of May, and London gave instructions for the Stationer circuit to be divided into two, with Witherington in charge of the northern one - “Wrestler” - operating between the Cher and the Creuse. Her job was to call for air-delivery of arms to four Resistance groups and give them weapons training.
By this point Pearl had been joined by her prewar fiancé, Henri Cornioley, who had escaped from a German prisoner of war camp and linked up with the Stationer circuit. The pair established their headquarters in the empty gatehouse of a chateau belonging to a strongly Pétainiste family, close to the woods where the four Resistance groups had taken refuge.
On June 11, five days after the Allied landings in Normandy, a German military unit attacked the area of their base, probably after spotting the Maquis activity by air reconnaissance. While Henri Cornioley and the 40 men near the base tried to fight off their attackers, Witherington grabbed the cash reserves and crawled into a cornfield, knowing her role was to avoid capture.
She found refuge with a farmer and his wife some miles away, from where she was able to re-establish contact with her main Maquis group and arrange an arms drop. These continued intermittently until the group was well armed and provided with demolitions. (The group attacked near the gatehouse suffered 24 casualties, but Cornioley and the remainder escaped).
From early July, her group regularly attacked German convoys moving north, delaying them with felled trees, then ambushing the stationary vehicles. In one attack on a convoy on Route National 20, the Germans admitted the loss of 76 men killed and 125 wounded.
In her final report she wrote: “It is important to remember that most of France south of the Loire was liberated by the Resistance.” German losses in the area of the Wrestler circuit under her control exceded 1,000 killed and many more wounded. She was eventually appointed MBE (Military Division) but her recommendation for the Croix de Guerre for Henri Cornioley, whom she married in London in October 1944, was rejected.
She settled down to live with her husband in the area where they had worked together with the maquisards. She later played a leading role in setting up the SOE memorial at Valençay. In 1996, with the help of a journalist, Hervé Larroque, she published a memoir, Pauline, whose title recalled her wartime codename.
In 2004 she was advanced to CBE, the insignia being presented to her in Paris by the Queen during a state visit to France.
One official acknowledgement still eluded her - the award of her parachute wings (which she regarded as more important than her appointments in the Order of the British Empire). This was eventually rectified after an RAF parachute instructor went to interview her at her home in France about her wartime experiences, and in 2006 she was presented with the coveted wings.
Her husband died in 1999. She is survived by a daughter.
Pearl Witherington, CBE, wartime SOE officer, was born on June 24, 1914. She died on February 23, 2008, aged 93
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I am surprised that the names of Noor Inyat Khan GC, and the beautiful Violette Szabo GC, (Carve Her Name with Pride) are not mentioned here.
Bernard Lawson, London, England
wonderful obituart for a wonderful lady, except paragraph 2 she was born in 1916, and in the final sentence she was born in 1914 which is correct?
Brian Jones, St Leonard's on Sea, United Kindom
What a wonderful and heroic woman and how sadly we now say farewell, This great generation has now all but gone and they are deeply missed.
Peter , Vancouver, Canada
Dear tina, My mother in law lives in lye in France and was very good friends with pearl for the last couple of years. In july 2007 whilst on holiday there, I went to visit Pearl with Katharine (my m - in - l) it was a very humbling and rewarding experiance. Stacey Tordoff.
Stacey tordorr, Wigan, England
R I P Pearl Witherington-- another modest unsung S O E hero most of whom were disgracefully let down by the powers that be after the war.But they are remembered in various books now available due to the availability of their exploits through the Public Records Office. Check their stories out--
David Murphy, Richmond, Surrey
This student, although a woman, has got leader's qualities..." says it all doesn't it? How many unsung women are there whose stories should be made known? Thank goodness the male view that the little woman should remain at home in the kitchen was not allowed to prevail all the time. We owe them.
Denise, Colchester,
Thankyou for all the insights into the extraordinary courage of one of the bravest of the women Resistance fighters, Pearl Cornioley (Witherington). The role that she and others played in the fight against Germans should not be forgotten. Without their heroic actions, the outcome of the War would have undoubtedly been different. As an Australian, most of these stories are little known and recognised in our country, yet her story would be inspirational to many young women especially. All my childhood, a faded news-paper article on "Pearl Cornioley, resistance fighter" had pride of place in the family photo album. At the top was written the words "Dad's cousin". About a year ago, we discovered that she had a website, and was still living in France, totally unaware of family connections in Australia! My great saddness is that we were never able to reach her and make contact. The inspiration of her life will remain part of our family history. I wish I had known you!
Tina Cornioley, Canberra, AUSTRALIA
Vale to one of the best SOE agents sent to France - it proves that women can lead in war. Pearl and the Stationer group made a great contibution to resistance in France - your heroism will never be forgotten.
Lyn Crough, Rye, Victoria, Australia
I wish to put one or two things straight about my Auntie Pearl's original obituary in yesterday's Times. She was a grand old lady whom I adored and often visited but she was born on 24 June 1914 and not 1916 - which made her 93 (not yet corrected). She was hugely proud of her marriage to Uncle Henri and I know that she would have wished to have had her obituary titled Pearl Cornioley. She and Uncle Henri were not childless - their only child and my cousin, Claire, is married to a Frenchman and is alive and well and living in France. Not only was she CBE (Civil) and MBE (Military) but she was an Officier de la Legion d’Honneur, she was awarded the Croix de Guerre avec palmes and the Medaille de La Resistance - a somewhat better and more fitting recognition by the French than by us !
Some might think that I am being a little pedantic but I am hugely proud of my Aunt and would not wish these points to go unmentioned.
Anthony (Tony) Thompson , Havant, Hants, England
I wholeheartedly agree - my father, Philip Worrall, also served with SOE, in Greece. Sadly, he died one year ago ( I believe the Times obit is still available online). Like Pearl W., he was a tremendously brave and resourceful man, who, at the age of 26, found himself responsible for the lives of 7.000 starving Italian troops in the Greek mountains and was awarded the OBE for his valiant attempts to save their lives. It wasn't so " glamorous " as F Section: but it saved the lives of many men. He and my mother were lifelong members of the Special Forces Club, as was, of course, Pearl Witherington, who played a leading role there throughout her life - a tradition I am now continuing by being a member, something I heartily recommend to other children of SOE operatives. The Club is dedicated to their memories - it was also the first London club to accept both men and women as members - and with our support it can continue to keep those memories alive.
simon worrall , Longtown, England
Extraordinary. A very humbling read. We owe Pearl and her generation so much. I've read about the SOE of course before. Always bug-eyed at their courage. I can't imagine myself parachuting into France to do what they did in similar circumstances even if I could speak decent French. And so many never came home. Their treatment on capture doesn't bear thinking about. Wish I'd met Pearl to say thank you. Rest in peace.
The official disregard for honouring the SOE agents was so small minded. Can't believe Her Majesty wouldn't have been anything but an unabashed admirer of them all.
Philip Sutherland, Sydney , Australia
My English father, Richard Pinder, SOE "F" Section (see below) was awarded the Croix de Guerre avec palme. The citation , 27 November 1946 can be read in Picard et Chaussade, "Ombres et Esperances en Quercy 1940-45: Les groupes Armee Secrete Veny dans leurs secteurs du Lot", (Bouriane 1980; 2nd ed. 1999), p. 161. George Hiller also received the Croix de Guerre avec palme (ibid.). Those interested can find out more about them and others not only in the Imperial War Museum, but also at the Museum of the Resistance, the Deportation and The Liberation at Cahors (Lot).
Caroline Cracraft, Chicago , USA
Madam Cornioley (for that was her real married name, and how she was known in France since her marriage) was actually CBE, MBE. She was awarded a civil CBE and previously a military MBE, a civil award in The Order of the British Empire does not replace a junior award made as a military award, and legally you can wear both and use the post-nominals. In regard to her award of the military MBE, the vast majority of SOE and Secret Intelligence Service (MI.6) operatives in France decorated, received awards from the Order of the British Empire, and equally General de Gaulle refused to award French decorations!!! The bulk of SOE/SIS operatives received no awards from anyone. Whilst the failure to be awarded the parachute qualification badge was just a clerical stuff up, most of the books relating to the resistance workers in France show photos of them wearing the badge - male and female!
G.A.MACKINLAY, country NSW, Australia
Brave woman and we owe so much to her and her ilk !!!
Ian Payne, WALSALL,
I feel greatly privileged to have met Pearl Witherington once. My father also served in SOE; dropped into South Central France to train the Resistance there in the use of the weapons ans explosives sent by the Allies. He survived a year in a Nazi slave labour camp and went on to have a good career. So many in SOE did not. So many were hideously tortured, or thrown alive into the ovens (the four women at Natzweiler). He had the greatest respect for the women agents - who he regarded as fearless, resourceful, and often (like Witherington) better shots than their male colleagues. These agents had no mobile phones, no lap-tops, intermittent and dangerous (German tracker vans) contact with London. They had to win the confidence of the French Resistors. They had only their wits and skills to rely on. Pearl Witherington was one of the last of that group of extraordinary men and women who volunteered for service that few of us can imagine - to help liberate Europe from monstrous tyranny.
Caroline Cracraft, Chicago,