Events: In 1646 King Charles I surrendered to a Scottish army at Newark; in 1881 Louis Pasteur successfully tested his inoculations against anthrax upon an ox, several cows and 25 sheep; in 1930 Amy Johnson left Croydon on the first solo flight by a woman between England and Australia; in 1936 Italian troops occupied Addis Ababa; in 1980 SAS troops stormed the Iranian Embassy in London to break a terrorist siege and free 19 hostages; in 1981 Bobby Sands became the first of ten IRA hunger strikers to die in the Maze prison, Northern Ireland.

Births: Louis Hachette, publisher of educational manuals and dictionaries, Rethel, France, 1800; Søren Kierkegaard, religious philosopher, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1813; Karl Marx, social, political and economic theorist, Trier, Prussia, 1818; John Stetson, creator of the “Hat of the West”, Orange, New Jersey, 1830; Henryk Sienkiewicz, novelist whose works include Quo Vadis? (1896) and who became a Nobel laureate in 1905, Wola Okrzejska, Poland, 1846; Elizabeth Cochrane (the New York journalist Nellie Bly), who in 1890-91 circled the globe in a little over 72 days, in emulation of the Jules Verne hero Phileas Fogg, Cochrans Mills, Pennsylvania, 1864; Sir Henry Wilson, field marshal, Edgeworthstown, County Longford, Ireland, 1864; Archibald Wavell (1st Earl Wavell), field marshal and Viceroy of India 1943-47, Colchester, Essex, 1883; Geoffrey Fisher (Lord Fisher of Lambeth), Archbishop of Canterbury 1945-61, Higham on the Hill, Leicestershire, 1887; Dorothy Garrod, archaeologist who became the first female professor at Cambridge University (1939), London, 1892; Blind Willie McTell, blues artist, Thomson, Georgia, 1901; Sir Gordon Richards, 26 times champion jockey who amassed 4,870 victories, Oakengates, Shropshire, 1904; Tyrone Power, actor, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1914.

Deaths: Jean Nicot, France’s ambassador to Portugal, who introduced the French court to tobacco in the form of snuff and gave his name to nicotine, Paris, 1600; Samuel Cooper, miniaturist painter, London, 1672; Laurence Shirley (4th Earl Ferrers), nobleman who murdered a servant, was hanged in London, 1760; René Lalique, jeweller and glassmaker, Paris, 1945; Austin Reed, gentlemen’s tailor who founded the retail firm that bears his name, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, 1954; Ludwig Erhard, West German Chancellor 1963-66, Bonn, 1977; Mikhail Botvinnik, world chess champion (1948–57, 1958–60, and 1961–63), Moscow, 1995.