Alexandra Blair, Education Correspondent
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British, French and German universities will be overtaken by those in China and India within a decade unless they improve quality and access, the European Commissioner for Education said last night.
Jan Figel told The Times that Europe’s top universities would no longer dominate world rankings unless they modernised and received more funding.
The concern, echoed by vice-chancellors and employers, is not only that British universities will lose students to more attractive institutions abroad, but that business will follow them with jobs and investment.
Britain is the second most popular destination for overseas students, second to America, with Cambridge and Oxford the only European universities in the Top Ten of both the Times Higher and the Shanghai Jiao Tong indices of university world rankings.
Europe has 200 universities in the top 500, but the United States has 37 in the top 50.
“If you look at the Shanghai index, we are the strongest continent in terms of numbers and potential but we are also shifting into a secondary position in terms of quality and attractiveness,” Mr Figel’, 47, told The Times.
“If we don’t act we will see an uptake or overtake by Chinese or Indian universities. Indian technology is seen as the third best in the world. China itself decided it wants several top universities by 2015.”
Although China and India have a tiny number of universities in the Times Higher top 100, including Beijing, Tsinghua and the Indian Institutes of Technology, and none in the Shanghai top 100 index, Mr Figel’ believes that Europe’s supremacy in tertiary education is in imminent danger of being lost to Southeast Asia as well as the US, particularly in science.
Drummond Bone, the president of Universities UK, the umbrella group of vice-chancellors, believes that European universities must work together to create the critical mass to attract students and investment.
He said that the danger of falling down the league tables was that Europe could fall into a downward economic spiral. “Overseas students don’t come to the UK or Europe, our students are attracted elsewhere and then if you’ve got the students going elsewhere the businesses go elsewhere.”
LogicaCMG is a British company that specialises in high-tech software systems. It supports a third of the world’s satellites and employs 40,000 people worldwide, including 2,500 in India. Martin Read, the group’s chief executive, says that Britain cannot compete on numbers with China and India.
British universities maintain high standards and teach students to think for themselves, but he is concerned about the lack of home-grown science, technology and maths graduates.
“If we’re not getting sufficient numbers of high-quality graduates, we have a problem, because we don’t have a framework for business to work in,” he said. “Businesses will start to relocate if they can’t find them in their own country.”
Not only is Europe failing to produce enough engineering, maths and technology graduates to fill the jobs, but innovation is so weak, that more than 400,000 European engineers now work in the US.
Mr Figel’ said: “We have ideas – the world wide web was British, as was the CD-Rom, and the MP3 player was German. But all three were finalised and distributed around the world by the United States.”
The answer, he suggests, is to attract more EU students with better quality degrees, to invest more in universities and to make EU degrees more easily transferred between countries, as proposed under the Bologna Process on schedule for 2010.
Europe spends about 1.1 per cent of GDP on higher education compared with the United States, which spends 2.7 per cent of GDP. China and India spend about 0.5 per cent and 0.37 per cent of GDP, respectively. But China is aiming to raise its investment to 4 per cent GDP in the coming years.

How they are ranked
Shanghai Jiao Tong University world rankings
Universities are ranked by several indicators of academic or research performance, including alumni and staff winning Nobel prizes and Fields Medals, highly cited researchers, articles published in Nature and Science, articles indexed in major publications and the per capita academic performance of an institution
Times Higher-QS World University Rankings
Universities are measured against a combination of peer review of more than 1,300 academics worldwide, and the amount of cited research produced by faculty members, the ratio of faculty to student numbers, their success in attracting foreign students and internationally renowned academics
East and West
Tsinghua University
— Top-ranking university in mainland China, at 151= in the world, according to Shanghai Jiao Tong unversity index; 62= in the Times Higher world rankings
— Founded in 1911 as a government school preparing students for study in the US; the first undergraduates were enrolled in 1925
— 32,000 full-time students, including 13,700 undergraduates, 13,400 Master’s students and 5,000 studying for PhDs
— 2,857 faculty professors, 47 research institutes, 29 research centres, 13 national laboratories accounting for 10 per cent of all national laboratories in China and 27 postdoctoral research stations. The library has a collection of 3.5 million volumes. 30,000 computers are connected to the campus
Cambridge University
— Top-ranking European and British university, 2nd in the Shanghai Jiao Tong world ranking index; 3rd in the Times Higher world ranking index
— Origins date back to as early as 1200, when the town had at least one reputable school. By 1226, the scholars had formed a body, represented by a Chancellor, and were regularly studying
— 14,605 full-time home and European students, as well as 3,198 overseas students in 2004-5
— 8,570 staff, including 2,703 academic staff and 2,457 contract researchers
— Fees range from £3,000 a year for home or EU students and £21,417 for overseas students. Income was £525.5 million last year, of which fees amounted to 11 per cent
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Hear hear Mauricio !!! Your point in the blatant fee discrimination is spot on (despite not affecting me and family just to clear my non conflict of interest !). The major reasons why the US attract the best & the brightest is 'cause of their non- discriminatory attitude. One pointer is all their institutions of learning charge the same rate of fees, whether home or otherwise.
Nitin Nath Singh, Slough, U.K.
Take this line from the Cambridge description: "Fees range from £3,000 a year for home or EU students and £21,417 for overseas students".
And now consider that more than half the world population comes from emerging, developing and poor nations. Most of them don't have an annual per capita GDP worth half the £21,417 Cambridge charges foreign students, whether that includes housing or not!
Now, if an eventual lack of bright minds is at issue in Europe, then how come European universities are expecting to attract foreign brains at those prices - let alone the seven fold gap between £21,417 and the £3,000 for home and EU students, which I'd say is more discriminatory than the Paki issue from BB that has gotten so much attention these days in the UK.
Needless to say, more important from the European academia point of view, I'd say , should be that that tremendous gap does undermine Europe's potential in the foreseeable future. Woudn't you agree?
MAURICIO, SANTIAGO, CHILE
Bright children will shine in any educational system. However it is really a matter of numbers: Universities in India and China produce more graduates than any other country and for this reason it is more than likely that there will be a greater number of relatively well educated people to provide a pool of competant staff for universities not only in those countries but elsewhere in the world. Otherwise it is largely a matter of culture. European and American universities have a different approach to education and that will evolve as time goes on.
robert peterson, melbourne, Australia
The Indians might -- and indeed are close now -- but the Chinese, never.
Maynard, Oxford, UK
As a Chinese, I don't think universities in Asia could be ranked on a par with their counterparts in the West, at least in the foreseeable future. However, one thing that Chinese university could outperform universities in Europe is the number of students they enroll every year. Take the city I live for example, in Shanghai now 2 out of 3 high school students could go to universities, be top or bottom. As for the research output and teaching quality, Chinese education system has a long way to go.
Hai, Shanghai, China
1) Invest more money in scientific research and tech (not cut it by millions every year and rely on big business to fill the gap - which they will not do as they will just relocate)
2) stop this non-sense that half of all british school leavers should go to university. if they are bright enough they will make it. at the moment all this is doing is bringing down the level of teaching as class sizes are flooded with people, three quaters of who will not graduare and end up in debt to an overloaded student loans company. The numbers of people actually attending university are missleading anyway. The number af students taking up courses such as political history or media studies FAR outstrippes the demand and most of these ciurses and these students will end up working in coffee houses.
Open trade schools again to boost the number of skilled workers.
do this and the problems will be solved.
dave, glasgow, scotland
What Martin Read says is true that Britain is having dificulties competing with India & China. They are also cheaper alternatives when looking at the pound rates.
What Martin had not mentioned is that many big British companies such as LogicaCMG have moved into the realms of outsourcing to India for the very same reason...better & CHEAPER alternatives ....In this instance, bottom line figures are seen as much more important then hiring more expensive home-grown science, technology and maths graduates.
Money matters above education here ...and it does not help home-grown graduates...
Ryan, Manila ,
The British Government has mis-managed education since the late 1970's, if not earlier. Unfortunately a worsening education system brings less competent people into government, so the process becomes a vicious circle where positive feedback accentuates past problems, until a British education is little more than cramming for an exam that tests the teachers ability to cram pupils for exams.
Fortunately Britain has a culture in which creativity and the arts are highly valued, particularly the creation of fiction, so the shortcomings of the education system have been disguised by a growing body of fiction. Unfortunately it is becoming less and less possible to achieve the suspension of disbelief.
Now the EU wants to join in, if they do, I would suggest that a certain minimum criteria be established, for example a doctorate level of education for anyone who is in a position to influence policy, having children in state schools might be a meaningful
Kidd Garrett, Bristol, UK
David Williams, I assume someone else paid for your education at Bath. I, on the other hand, had to work my way through. And there's nothing that I learned in getting my BS in physics from a brick-and-mortar school that I couldn't have learned just as well or better from an online Uni. I'm glad you enjoyed your time at Bath, but most people out here in the real world can't afford a 4 year uni holiday.
Paul W., Silicon Valley, California, USA
why?
Tong Wang, Lan Zhou, China
good
Tong Wang, Lan Zhou, China
The best Chinese Universities are already the hardest universities to get into in the world. You need to beat tens of thousands harding working students to get into Tsinghua. British universities are easier to get into because there are not that many competitors for a place.
European Universities are strong at research though.
Tong Wang, Lan Zhou, China
Paul, 5 years ago my lecturer at Bath university was suggested exactly the same; online teaching as the solution to the funding/access to all debate. I disagree, it will always be no more than a niche in my opinion. We go to uni for so much more than just lecturers. The cynical will say "yes, to drink and get laid" and they have a point but whichever way you look at it you develop as a person during those years. Sat in your parent's home looking at computer screen 7 hours a day will never replace that for most young people. And if you think Asia is any different, most Chinese student's I've met here say China is more following Japan's model where university is a 4 year sabbatical with 1 hour study a day before life properly begines in the workplace.
David Williams, Xian, China
"British universities maintain high standards and teach students to think for themselves,"
Not my experience as a recently minted LLB, having completed a BA(hons) and an MA at an Ivy league almost 20 years ago...
It was not about thinking but about memorising, even when there was no underlying theory to hold it together..."thinking" was activiely discouraged in class...it was all about what the examiner wanted to read in the exam...many students managed a 2.1 without understanding anything...they are the solicitors and barristers of tomorrow....
i pray that other areas of education are not so limited by the root seems to lie much deeper, pre-GSCE....
alannah, london,
Most education is going virtual over the next 20 years anyway. Everyone will be able to get their education online. The best courses taught by the best teachers, streamed to your computer. It won't matter where you live.
The old model where a live teacher "spoon feeds" 30 students in a classroom is about to die. It's too labor intensive, costly, inefficient, etc. The brick-and-mortar school will be only a memory, or a place where kids go to watch video lectures if their parents still need the school system to act in a day-care capacity.
Paul W., Silicon Valley, California, USA
This article is misleading with its stress on 'access'. This is taking over from quality as the New Labour mantra. Under the New Labour watch our universities are slipping down world rankings as standards are sacrificed for social engineering. Oxbridge has resisted attacks by Gordon Brown and his treasury report, 'the Lambert report' seeking to 'bring Oxbridge into line' with mediocrity. Brown will no doubt continue his efforts to weaken Oxbridge from his politics of resentment. Happily they have insisted on academic freedom and the criterion of excellence against Brown's socialistic assaults. Quality not quantity is the key to saving the best of our universities in world league tables.
Blackstone, Abingdon, UK
So basically the EU is going to make it impossible for the average person to afford an education without getting into debt. Thats all I am getting from this article.
John, London, UK
The European Commission is clearly looking for a role for itself in education so that it can meddle more. Its invariable pattern is: 1) publish alarmist research suggesting a threat from America/China/India, 2) suggest "more Europe" as the solution, 3) ignore opposing voices which show that "more Europe" would make things worse, 4) bully and bribe member states into passing whatever misconceived directive it wants. Expect a proposal for a Universities Directive within the next year or so.
PJ, London,
This is something that Europeans Government should take care about. If we don't continue maintaining our positioin , the new comers will , then we should follow them.
manssourou, Dubai, UAE
It hasbeen in thearticle that Indian universities are likely to
come up in the scale of better universities. I , as an India, am very much afraid that this may not happen, given the present political masters in India. The politicians in India are very much concerned with their vote bank. They want to garner all the votes of so called minorities among the population by giving them all needed encouragement in education and jobs. Their concerns are good but the implementation of their policies leaves a bad taste in one,s mouth. The means that they are contemplating to adopt are only aimed at levelling down the highest quality now available in India of the brains and talents. Most of the citizens who are highly educated, highly skilled and highly respected come from the so called forward communities in India. There is a very strong prejudice in India from the politicians against the upper castes based on the wrong impression that these upper castes are the bane.
Sanjeevi, Chnennai, India
There is a long long way to go if China's universities want to catch up with the European universities. The independence, creative and sense of responsibility of China's universities is fading away, and what is worse that we don't see any shift!
Yiming Shi, Guangzhou, China