Alexandra Blair, Education Correspondent
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Young children shooting their hands up to answer a question is the enduring image of the primary school classroom. But now it seems that this age-old tradition could soon come to an end, with teachers being advised to pick out children to answer questions.
According to official guidance published today, pupils should be asked to discuss answers in pairs and be given “thinking time” before having to respond. The guidance also says that mothers should get mathematics tuition to help their children with homework.
The initiatives are an attempt to help the thousands of “invisible children” who excel in school at 7, but fall behind in key subjects such as English and maths, by the time they are 11.
There are now about 37,000 pupils described as “slow moving” in English and about 75,000 in mathematics. Although these pupils reach the targets that they are set at age 7, or Key Stage 1, they fail to reach the nationally expected level 4 by the age of 11, when they do their Key stage 2 curriculum tests.
It is a far cry from Cider with Rosie, in which Laurie Lee recalls being told to “Sit there for the present” on his first day at primary school and went home empty-handed and miserable.
However, in Keeping up – pupils who fall behind in Key Stage 2, the first of ten progress reports, government advisers say that the “quiet and undemanding” types who happily let others answer questions risk falling behind.
Val McGregor, who taught English for 20 years, and led the research, said that often the children “did not want to be hassled”. She said: “In their cases, the hands-up approach doesn’t work because they find strategies not to take risks and wait till most hands have gone up before putting their own up. Teachers not only end up picking the first, but have no means of telling whether they have understood what they’ve learnt.”
The Government insists that it is not banning hands up in class, but says that this “passive inclusion” means that children do not learn to express themselves aloud, so fail to do so later on paper.
Good teachers, the report says, pair children and use several to start and finish answers, but also a foster an atmosphere of risk where pupils learn by getting things wrong.
The report highlights the importance of parental support and how pupils whose parents show less interest make slower progress. However, the researchers also found that in maths pupils complained that their mothers were unable to help them and when they did they often used different methods of calculation.
To tackle this problem, Ms McGregor said, schools should offer workshops specifically for mothers, who otherwise would send along the fathers. “Schools should try and break the cycle with single-sex sessions. The mothers would be much happier with this and they would do better by their children,” she said.
The researchers spoke to hundreds of struggling pupils and their teachers in 39 schools. A picture emerges of “invisible children”, who are well behaved, avoid the limelight and, in the case of boys, are often keen to answer but are unlikely to think first.
Others work in their comfort zone, having learnt the basics at the age of 7, but cannot apply the knowledge they have to more conceptual learning. These children prefer routine, work neatly and do not like answering questions in front of the class.
Boys, who often lag behind in English, say that they read for pleasure but cannot name a favourite book. Girls, who struggle with maths, often cannot do mental arithmetic.
Publishing the report, Alan Johnson, the Education Secretary, said that it gave teachers classroom strategies that worked. “Clear evidence about what works will help teachers to drive up individual attainment,” he said. “This is part of an approach to learning that enables teachers to achieve exactly what they want – the best for every child in their class.”
Francis Gilbert, a secondary school English teacher and author of The New School Rules, said that he often used paired talking in class to get pupils to talk, but also used hands up. But he objected to more government teaching initiatives. “This is yet more micro-managing of schools,” he said.
“We can do our job perfectly well and a good teacher has a load of strategies to draw on. Sometimes it’s great when boys put their hands up and say what comes into their heads. It starts the discussions off.”
From old school to new school
— Traditional blackboards with screeching chalk have been replaced by
whiteboards and overhead projectors
— Primary school slates for practising handwriting have been replaced by
computers and the exercise book
— Desks with inkwells, drawers and pencil holders have become flat-topped
tables with stacking plastic chairs
— Gowns and mortarboards worn by teachers have been replaced by bare-midriffs,
trainers and jeans
— Corporal punishment and caning have disappeared in place of detention and
suspension or expulsion
— Free fruit and water is supplied instead of milk
— Steak and kidney and jam roly-poly have turned into healthy salads and pasta
dishes and packed lunches
— Chanting times tables aloud has been largely discontinued
— Playing conkers in the playground has been banned on safety grounds by many
headteachers
— Slide rules and abacuses have been replaced by calculators
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The whole system is messed up. Those numbers don't mean a damn thing. How can you teach people to be intelligent if they all have to do the same thing at once? Intelligence is inherently rebellious. It's about making new insights. Classrooms don't allow you to be smarter than the teacher. They don't let you say, "I don't need to know this. I refuse to do the assignment. I have more important things to think about. Don't tell me what to do. Your authority is unwarranted. This is my brain. I am an autonomous being."
Most people don't care about intelligence. They shouldn't be forced into an education system they don't like. That only teaches them to be passive-aggressive. They do as little as they possibly can, and at the slightest show of effort, the teacher lavishes them in praise. That's how I felt when I was in school. I have since unschooled myself. I can go on and on about how it doesn't work. I have some alternate ideas, but I don't have room to express them. It's like school.
Dill Pickle, Marlboro, Cigarettes
If Ms McGregor taught for 20 years and tended to ask only the children who put their hand up first then she has not been a very good teacher. A good teacher not only teaches the subject, they also keep a good eye on exactly what is happening in their classroom and should be able to recognise when a pupil is reluctant to answer.
Chris D, Edinburgh, Scotland
What a stupid thing.....in England you have people that are paid, by citizens of course, to discuss and find at the end that blackboards are useless and it's helthier for children to eat salad and pasta intead of steak and milk. Of course that you have to think before raising your hand but it's obvious!!!The problem is not the raising of your hand but the lack of sense (you must say what you're thinking but before you must think on whath you're about to say!)
These people are completely stupid with no vision and common sense!!!
You have an horrible school sistem, You must reform that and not argue if it's wirght or wrong for children to drink milk (wich is much better for a child than water and fruit!!!)
Luke, Florence,
I am going to ensure that standards in all the private schools I am involved with are maintained,in other words I shall turn a blind eye to all DFES 'new ideas' until they can show how the system is to change.
Peers Carter, Gravesend, Kent
So long as the state controls education, it's all moot since the customer-- i.e. the child and parent-- is never right, since they don't control the money; as a result there's no competition, and the school can make any excuse it wants-- they can't be fired.
Rather, the STATE controls the money, and so the child's interest conflicts with the school's-- and this precludes education being the primary objective. Only when parents can take their child and go elsewhere-- and take their money with them can there be REAL competition. And this is only possible under a completely private system-- or perhaps a voucher-system. But the school-lobby is too rich with government money to let that happen, so it never will.
My only advice to the average parent then, is to not be average-- get the best education you can, and make sure the objective is so your kid can perform in college and get a top-paying career-- not make stupid paper-cut-outs,or pledge to a flag that imprisons him in a bad school.
Brian McCandliss, West Bloomfield, MI
The Department for Education is a joke and the minister Alan Johnson is a complete incompetent. He and his department are a laughing stock. Everything that comes out from them in recent times has been farcical. This is just another stupid initiative that will do nothing for the school children. However, hopefully, if this is like most of Alan Johnson's ideas, this will die a death due to his usual u-turns when faced with common sense resistance. The drive to brainwash children in the schools is very worrying. If its not race its sexuality or bullying that children are having shoved down their throats. What is so wrong for a child to put their hand up to seek a teacher's attention? For goodness sake just teach and leave ideals, morality and conscience issues out of the classroom
Lynda Plum, London, england
Raising your arm in class is still very popular in China now.
li, XuZhou,
I am a mother and a mathematics teacher - a very good one - i recently gained my AST qualification.Now i am going to send myself to extra classes so i can help my two daughters. Although i wil not put my hand up to ask myself a question.
Dizz, Bognor, UK
Who says chanting tables has been discontinued? This myth is churned out by the media with monotonous regularity. Throughout my 20 years in teaching tables have been taught - through chanting aloud, and numerous other methods.... and why is it such a surprise that handwriting is practised on paper in exercise books rather than on slates? Reporting this is on a par with reporting that washing machines are now used instead of dolly tubs. Similarly, inkwells went out of fashion more than 30 years ago - what's the big deal? Much of this report seems to be designed to fill column inches on a slow news day.
'Hands up' isn't over. It's just one way of asking kids to respond. Different strategies are now also being used because some don't learn well if only one method is relied upon. Isn't it great that the teaching profession is trying to be as flexible as possible in addressing the needs of a range of learning styles?
JB, Birmingham,
'.. the hands-up approach doesnt work because they find strategies not to take risks and wait till most hands have gone up before putting their own up' - but surely this strange phenomena can be witnessed in groups of adults the world over? Is it not natural human behaviour?
Any skilled teacher recognises the importance of not always asking the same pupils, as well as the importance of 'drawing out' the more nervous children. If they are not tactfully and sensitively drawn-out in school as children, when will they be?
Getting children to chat is not a problem. I have often experimented with allowing my class 5-10 minutes to discuss ideas before reporting back. Perhaps, my class of year 5 children (consisting of widely varying ethnic and economical backgrounds) are completely unusual, but I have only found that it disrupts lessons rather than contributes anything useful to them. Constant guidelines for teachers, and yet the children's get hazier....
Miss T, Reading, UK
This is ridiculous on so many levels! First and foremost the children who don't put their hands up may choose not to for many reasons, just because they don't doesn't mean they won't be able to give a good answer in exams! In my experience at school it was the louder kids who did worse in exams, not the other way round. I was exceptionally quiet and got good grades for my entire school life. Also suggesting there should be maths lessons specifically for mothers? Don't even get me started on this new stupidity!!
Rosie Dickinson, Hull, England
I agree whole heartedly with Damien. Teachers have many strategies for drawing answers from their pupils and are perfectly capable of observing which children need to be asked for an answer and which children have the confidence to volunteer an answer - even if the answer isn't correct. There is a place for working in pairs too, but it is difficult in a class of thirty children, all talking at once, to know if they are all actually discussing the answer or something else. Another useful stategy is asking pupils to write their answers on small white boards with dry wipe pens and to hold them up. I have found this method very helpful, as a quick glance round the groups will reveal who has understood and who copied or needs more help, without singling anyone out and the children love it. The trouble is teachers are constantly hounded with new initiatives from people who know very little about teaching.
Patricia Volante, Westcliff-on-Sea,
Below seven children co-operate enthusiastically with teacher. Above it they resent having to be at school. That's why some pupils will fall behind at this stage.
Whilst teachers should constantly think about the way they manage their classrooms, a hands-up initiative is unlikely to do anything to resolve the deep-seated problem of children who would rather be elsewhere.
Malcolm McLean, Bradford, UK
As a teacher I feel it is important that after an exercise students compare their answers in pairs and see if they agree or disagree with their partner.
Peer correction is extremely important but you can´t be constantly monitoring a class full of pairs. The feedback should then be done as a class.
You also, at times, have to discourage students from shouting out the answers and "putting your hands up" is an organised way of doing this. You keep track of who answers all the time and who doesn´t to make sure that everyone is given a chance. Including the shy student. No-one is invisible.
We know what we´re doing and how to do it - stop micro managing everything!
Mark, Anytown, UK
Teachers do years of training for their jobs - give 'em a chance to use it. They know their classes better than anybody, and they will draw out the more inhibited student - and they can frisk them for knives at the same time, because they always say it's the quiet ones.
Why can't we just let teachers teach - it's what they're good at.
Damian, London, Uk
Allowing the children to discuss answers will help them develop co-operation skills and also encourage them in answering when they're not 100% sure of the answer. It sounds like good advice to me which can be used as a set standard in schools, rather than just being used by the good teachers who can be bothered. It's easy to fall into the trap of asking the brightest and most eager students every time, especially if you have a large class.
One thing that concerns me is the maths lessons for women only? Surely about as much maths would get done as at their Tupperware parties or when they do the weekly shop?
Justin, Wuhan, China
Absolute hogwash. The study has only identified that their are some quite kids who fall behind in school - that we already knew. I'm sure there are noisy kids who also fall behind and I can bet my last penny that the so called research does not proove that the advise will actuall lead to any improvements.
In facr why can newspapers provide links to reasearch so we can read it for ourselves!!
Tony Mba, Geneva, Switzerland
it's time to abolish the DES (or whatever the Min of Ed is calling itself this week). Teachers are perfectly capable of teaching, gormless "advice" of this nature is inevitably ridiculed and ignored so why are we paying some clown to come up with it?
John Ledbury, Kings Lynn, England
Children in the comfort of the home environment generally feel confident to ask questions of parents knowing the answer will tailored to encourage.
Swap this for the crowded classroom of 30 and a lot of that confidence evaporates. Many children lack the self confidence to stand out in a busy class and put a hand up. Not necessarily any indication of ability and perhaps a surprise for parents to learn that their child is so quiet in class.
Although the criticism of Government policy attempting to micromanage the role of teachers will invoke reaction there is something at stake here. We really do need to ensure that these " invisible children" are engaged, hands up or otherwise. The maxim that for every hand that goes up eight others would have liked to ask the same question and benefit from the answer should not be overlooked. Perhaps parents should be encouraged to re-adopt a more interactive role at home to reinforce the lesson content and tease out those unasked questions.
Alistair Owens, Doncaster, UK
The Department for Education is a joke and the minister Alan Johnson is a complete incompetent. He and his department are a laughing stock. Everything that comes out from them in recent times has been farcical. This is just another stupid initiative that will do nothing for the school children. However, hopefully, if this is like most of Alan Johnson's ideas, this will die a death due to his usual u-turns when faced with common sense resistance. The drive to brainwash children in the schools is very worrying. If its not race its sexuality or bullying that children are having shoved down their throats. What is so wrong for a child to put their hand up to seek a teacher's attention? For Gods sake just teach and leave ideals, morality and conscience issues out of the classroom
Lynda Plum, London, england