Alexandra Frean, Education Editor
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School Gate: Take the spelling test
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing – especially when it comes to spelling.
The English word most commonly misspelt in published documents and on the internet is supersede, an analysis by lexicographers has found. But it is not pure ignorance that leads many of us to get it wrong. Rather, the problem is that many of us know a little bit too much.
Ask ten-year-olds to spell supersede, and there is a good chance they will get it right (or at least they will correctly put an s in the middle) because they will spell it phonetically. But ask adults, and it is quite likely that they will come up with supercede, basing this on their knowledge of the words intercede, precede or cede (from the Latin cedere – to yield).
In truth supersede comes from the Latin supersedere, meaning to desist from.
The same temptation to apply knowledge gets us into trouble with another of the most commonly misspelt words, consensus, which is frequently spelt incorrectly as concensus by those who wrongly believe that it relates to the word census. (Census is from the Latin censere – to assess; whereas consensus is from the Latin consentire – to agree).
Although a misinterpretation of Latin often lies at the heart of the problem, more often people make wrong assumptions based on their knowledge of the correct spelling of other, similar words.
Many are tempted to spell liquefy as liquify, simply because they know the correct spelling of liquid. Similarly, sacrilegious is often incorrectly spelt as sacreligious because people associate it with religious. The same goes for inoculate, which is often misspelt by those who know that innocuous has a double “n”.
Ian Brookes, the managing editor of dictionaries at Collins, said: “The real spelling problems occur when people have learnt the rules or have a bit of knowledge, but then make mistakes in how they apply this.”
Another common reason for misspelling is where words are spelt differently from their pronunciation. The top five misspelt words in this category are conscience, indict, foreign, mortgage and phlegm.
Researchers at Collins compiled their list of misspelt words by running thousands of documents on the internet through a software program designed to pick up spelling mistakes. They included published books and articles, as well as blogs, to ensure that they covered a wide range of writing styles and media. Supersede was by far the most commonly misspelt word, being wrong on one in ten occasions.
So much of English spelling is not phonetic. The ee-sound, for example, can be spelt in more than ten ways: seem, team, convene, sardine, protein, fiend, people, he, key, ski, debris and quay. Then there are all the spelling “rules”, which exist only to be broken. Think of all the words that break the “i before e except after c” rule: weird, seize, leisure, neighbour, foreign.
These problems have led the Spelling Society to campaign for the past 100 years for a new simplified and phonetic form of spelling. The same desire for reform recently prompted Ken Smith, a lecturer at Bucks New University, to begin a campaign for “variant spellings” to be fully accepted into common usage, such as arguement for argument and occured for occurred.
As a publisher of dictionaries, Collins insists that standard spellings serve a valuable purpose. But the company is sympathetic to people’s difficulties and is holding a public vote next month to find out which word British schoolchildren think has the stupidest spelling.
Spellcheck
Five most difficult words based on wrong assumptions relating to content
are:
supersede (precede), inoculate (innocuous),sacrilegious (religious), consensus
(census), liquefy (liquid)
Five most difficult words based on a foreign language root:
broccoli (Italian), haemorrhage (ancient Greek), connoisseur, manoeuvre,
lieutenant (French)
Five most difficult words based on difference in pronunciation are:
conscience, indict, foreign, mortgage, phlegm
Source: Collins Dictionaries
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If the Spelling Society does get its way, what happens to those of us who are able to spell? Will our spelling of words like conscience and indict then become wrong?
Lisa Robinson, Bradford, UK
In April, as I left the departure lounge of Liverpool's John Lennon Airport, a large handwritten sign affixed to the wall of the corridor leading to the departure gates informed me "No toilets passed this point"! Isn't Liverpool is this year's European Capital of Culture?
James`, Stockport, UK
There are actually two meanings for supersedere: sit above and refrain from. I've always found the former the most helpful aide memoire. 1. It has 's' for 'sit' (and 'sede'). 2. It's closer to the meaning.
Celia Sherman, Oxford,
As Collins Dictionaries would no doubt agree, people could improve their own spelling by not being too proud to use a dictionary. The dictionary is one of my 'tools of the trade' - nobody can be expected to always spell words correctly. Spellcheckers, however, should not be relied upon. (Simply Words Editing Services)
Dallas Willcox , Benfleet, England
If spelling kept its own rules it would help readers and spellers. For example, 67% of the 120 worst spelling demons are booby-trapped by surplus letters. Speed the trend to cut them, as with words like demon, duet, economy, error, program, exotic and horror. Dictionaries thousands of alternative spellings could include more surplus-cut spellings.
Valerie Yule, Melbourne, Australia
@Paul
Lose/loose is not such a problem in English-speaking countries, but it sure is in germanic English: along with my pet peeve, standart.
Britt Johnston, Basel, Switzerland
I agree with Sarah, London.
To spell well, one must see words via reading, and then have
efficient visual recall to be sure of accuracy.
The most problematic word for spelling that I observe is 'benefited'.
Let's teach rules for regular words, mnemonics for irregular words, & forget obscure words.
Joyce, Peterborough, England
Surely the most misspelt words are 'loose' and 'lose'. The computer program used by the researchers would be unlikely to pick this one up!
Paul, Zurich, Switzerland
Mechin
Discrete - separate, unconnected
Discreet - quiet, using subterfuge or tactful.
Not OED definitions but good enough I wot.
Claire, London, UK
Does it matter? We have spell-checkers these days. Broadly speaking, most people only ever write at School!
Robin Laundon, Cambridge, UK
A commonly misspelt word I find is fourty instead of forty because we know the spelling of four and fourteen.
As Sarah pointed out,people can't 'see' when a word looks wrong having hardly seen it in print.
Clem, Kampala,
And now with sms English firmly entrenched as the 'mobile phone lingo of preference',spelling reformers will need to dig deep.
Clem, Kampala,
The Shorter Oxford English dictionary (3rd edition - reprinted 1970 - page 523) gives discreet and discrete as doublets.What are the two 'totally different meanings' you mention ?Thank you
MECHIN, Champigny sur marne , France
Spelling reform will never be achieved by some edict. It happens gradually through common usage, if u no what I mean.
Stephen Bird, Järvenpää, Finland
Didn't Shakespeare spell the same words differently?
It is the quality of the article rather than the spelling that is important.
As a matter of fact, researchers have shown that most people can read sentences with vowels removed. If you can do that, what significance is there to correct spelling?
Tim, Toronto,
A little learning is a dangerous thing, if you wish to quote Alexander Pope.
Alexandra MacKay Binnie
Alexandra Vivien MacKay Binnie, London,
What about discreet and discrete? Both spellings are correct, the words are pronounced identically, yet they have totally different meanings!
Stuart Dickson, Palma, Mallorca, Spain
I thought the most common misspelt word was "mediaeval".
Charlie Castelnau, Barnes, UK
After a week working with special needs kids who couldn't spell I always found that they still couldn't spell, and neither could I. You internalise the idiomatic spellings and then when you start to think about them and question them you become uncertain about them.
John Ledbury, Kings Lynn, England
If there was spelling reform as mentioned, where would the line be drawn? How would it take into account regional differences? Would it hide etymological roots? Seems like dumbing down to me; an excuse to lower expectations and reduce the importance placed on English language teaching in schools.
Becky, Kingston,
No mention of accommodation, which nine out of ten people seem to get wrong, even hoteliers.
Joy, Duns, Scotland
The misquotation of the rule "i before e" is far too common. As pointed out by Mr Marston, it applies ONLY to words where the "ie" or "ei" is pronounced "ee" . Supersedere, by the way, doesn't mean desist in Latin: it means "sit above" and therefore "take the place of".
David Craig, Great Haywood, Staffs UK
One reason why spelling is bad is that people don't seem to read as much so they can't 'see' when a word looks wrong, as they've not seen the words before. More and more people are writing "of" instead of "'ve" as in 'could of.' Also, I saw 'bonified' instead of 'bona fide' in a comment on this site
Sarah, London,
You quote only two-thirds of the i before e rule that I ws taught: I before E except after C, when the sound is double-E. With the full form of the rule, weird, seize, neighbour and foreign are not exceptions, and leisure only transgresses if you adopt the American pronunciation of lEEsure!
Henry Marston, Rotherham, S Yorks
Trouble is, when Collins run their tests on "thousands of internet documents" they come across lots of articles like this one, and by campaigners for spelling reform, thus discovering numerous examples of misspelt words.
Laurence, Bristol, UK