Nigel Hawkes, Health Editor
Enter our Snapshots of Summer photography competition
Acupuncture works better than conventional treatments in reducing lower back pain, according to researchers in Germany.
But so does fake acupuncture, where the needles are inserted shallowly and in the wrong places. In a trial of more than 1,100 people, both were almost twice as effective as a combination of drugs, physiotherapy and exercise.
The results suggest that both acupuncture and sham acupuncture act as powerful versions of the placebo effect, providing relief from symptoms as a result of the convictions that they engender in patients.
A team led by Michael Haake, of the University of Regensburg, recruited 1,162 patients aged between 18 and 86 who had suffered lower back pain for an average of eight years. They were divided into three equal groups, and treated either with genuine acupuncture, with the needles inserted in precisely specified places and to a predetermined depth, with fake acupuncture, or with antiinflammatory drugs, painkillers and physiotherapy.
Success was measured as a one-third improvement in pain, or a 12 per cent improvement in mobility.
After six months, almost half of those on true acupuncture (47.6 per cent) and 44.2 per cent of those on sham acupuncture had met these criteria, while only 27.4 per cent of those treated conventionally had. This suggests, say the authors in Archives of Internal Medicine, that acupuncture, however incompetently it may be applied, is about twice as effective as conventional therapy.
“The superiority of both forms of acupuncture suggests a common underlying mechanism that may act on pain generation, transmission of pain signals or processing of pain signals by the central nervous system and that is stronger than the action mechanism of conventional therapy,” the authors say.
“Acupuncture gives physicians a promising and effective treatment option for those experiencing chronic low back pain, with few adverse effects or contraindications. The improvements in all primary and secondary outcome measures were significant and lasted long after completion of treatment.”
They say that this is the largest and most rigorous trial to investigate the benefits of acupuncture, the technique in which sharp needles are introduced to a considerable depth into the body in precisely defined places in the body.
Its results, they acknowledge, are surprising. That random pricking of the skin to a depth of one to three millimetres works almost as well as “true” acupuncture, which involves penetrations to a depth of five to forty millimetres in precise places, leads them to question the underlying mechanism.
It also suggests that lengthy training in the technique may be superfluous. All that is needed is to declare that you are a practising acupuncturist and make a few shallow insertions, the trial suggests.
The trial aimed to distinguish between the physical and the psychological effects of the technique. If true acupuncture worked better than sham, it would have shown that it has a genuine basis in physiology. But the trial failed to find any differences at all. So the authors conclude that the results send a confused message. One possibility is that there are no physical effects at all of acupuncture, or that they are are so small that they are overlaid by far stronger psychological effects.
Alternatively, acupuncture does work, but it does not matter how well or badly it is done. Symptoms improve regardless of point selection or depth of needling.
Since all the participants had long-term back pain, it is reasonable to assume that all had experienced conventional treatment, which often fails. Low back pain is notoriously hard to treat, so the use of acupuncture would have been novel, and likely to bring the placebo effect into play.
That fake acupuncture appeared to have worked almost as well as true acupuncture supports this conclusion.
Straight to the point
–– In Oriental medicine, illness is said to be due to an imbalance of “vital energy” (Ch’i) which flows through the body along 12 pathways or meridians, each corresponding to one of the vital organs
–– The acupuncturist inserts very fine stainless steel needles at specific points to stimulate energy flow; patients report a tingling sensation
–– Trials have shown benefits in treating pain, nausea and headaches
–– There appears to be no scientific basis for the medical concept or placement of needles
–– It has been used in China since 3000 BC, with stone needles found in Mongolia
–– The Cochrane Collaboration, the most authoritative review of evidence, says that it is effective for low-back pain but no better than conventional treatment
Source: Times database
Win a luxury weekend to Newcastle and its neighbour Gateshead, find out more here
Risk, resilience and embracing new technology
Industry sectors news at a glance. Interactive heatmap, video and podcast
Discover the collective power of smart thinking. Submit a solution and be in with a chance to win a Flip MinoHD Camcorder
The inside track on current trends in the charity, not for profit and social enterprise sectors
Everything the Business Traveller needs to know to make a better trip
Make the most of the summer and enter our fabulous photographic competition, you could win a £5000 holiday
Enjoy further reading from Travel to Fashion, Business to Sport, discover more




Shortcuts to help you find sections and articles
The clever way to lease a new car is with Car leasing made simple™
2009
42,945
2008
71,450
Car Insurance
Not Specified
MI6
UK-based
£60,000
The Environment Agency
Bristol
Up to £90K
Boots
Midlands
OTE £85k
Credit Protection Association
Nationwide Opportunities
Completely London
Luxury Condo's in Manhattan with NYC views
The best new homes in Wimbledon?
Nationwide
Seychellois beaches beckon from just £999 per person with Elite Vacations including air!
and do the British Isles this Summer.
Save up to 60% with Oxford Hotels and Inns
Try our inspiring luxury holidays to the Indian Subcontinent and South East Asia.
Great offers available
8 fabulous Canadian cities ...you won’t find cheaper
Contact our advertising team for advertising and sponsorship in Times Online, The Times and The Sunday Times, or place your advertisement.
Times Online Services: Dating | Jobs | Property Search | Used Cars | Holidays | Births, Marriages, Deaths | Subscriptions | E-paper
News International associated websites: Globrix Property Search | Property Finder | Milkround
Copyright 2009 Times Newspapers Ltd.
This service is provided on Times Newspapers' standard Terms and Conditions. Please read our Privacy Policy.To inquire about a licence to reproduce material from Times Online, The Times or The Sunday Times, click here.This website is published by a member of the News International Group. News International Limited, 1 Virginia St, London E98 1XY, is the holding company for the News International group and is registered in England No 81701. VAT number GB 243 8054 69.
Read more about pain, pain relif, pain treatment and pain medications at http://painrelieflife.blogspot.com.
Burn Alex, la, usa/ca
Nigel Hawkes has done a good job in his article. The point is that it is pricking that "works" (whether or not as as an elaborate placebo one can't say). Acupuncture is revealed as a sham. The "ancient Chinese wisdom" is seen not to be wisdom at all, but just empty words.
The proper, response, I think, is to seek more honest ways to help people for whom nothing can be done and to relegate acupuncture (and all the other myths of alternative medicine) to history.
David Colquhoun, London, UK
Sorry to disappoint you, but I slipped and did not realise I had hurt my lower back about 3 years ago.
Then one morning a few days later, I woke in a lot of pain and could only walk about one yard. The pain got worse and I went to a chiropractor and had the usual bending thing but still could hardly walk. This was the first time in my life this had happened to me, and I was 60 yo.
Then I went to a Chinese needle sticker and after two weeks and ten treatments , at great expense,...Nothing changed.
Finally I went to a GP and he said before getting a back scan, I should try an anti-inflammary drug ( I took Indocid a strong one) for a week.
After 3 days the pain went and I could walk normally again.
This shows that as many Doctors say, the back can mend itself in time.
Since then no problems at all.
Trevor, Sydney, Aussie
Just like to add that an increasing number of Vets are self funding training in accupuncture (legally they are the only people allowed to stick needles into animals as it is an invasive procedure).
This growth is because they are impressed by the results achieved esp. in chronic cases. There are also no drug induced side effects to be accounted for, nor the huge costs of drugs for the owner.
And there is no placebo effect..... Think carefully about the implications of all this - it's time for western science to be more open to complementary approaches.
LizM, Horsham, Sussex
Acupuncture is a firm favorite in the eyes of health insurer in Holland becauce it is effective and much cheaper than regular medicine.
george, alkmaar,
My sister had acupuncture on her dog, because the dog could not move its hind legs. I thought it was crazy at the time, but after the acupuncture it was up walking around. Unless this dog is smarter than I thought, this would argue against a placebo affect.
Kevin Koboldt, St. Louis, MO/USA
I read this article with interest on the benefits of acupuncture for back pain. I am a physiotherapist assessing and treating spinal patients on a daily basis. Many of these patients have chronic and recurring back pain. I use a number of treatment approaches based on both previous experience and current evidence. I use a combination of exercise based rehabilitation, manual therapy, ergonomics and back care advice and acupuncture. No one has mentioned in these articles the recent guidelines produced (by the CSP)on the management of chronic low back pain. The exercise section is based on over 100 studies (rather than than the single study in germany on acupuncture) that have been reviewed by a panel of experts on this area. The conclusion was that exercise (Which can take various formats) is a crucial part of spinal rehabilitation.
claire farmer, london, uk
Nigel Hawkes has done a good job in his article. The point is that it is pricking that "works" (whether or not as as an elaborate placebo one can't say). Acupuncture is revealed as a sham. The "ancient Chinese wisdom" is seen not to be wisdom at all, but just empty words.
The proper, response, I think, is to seek more honest ways to help people for whom nothing can be done and to relegate acupuncture (and all the other myths of alternative medicine) to history.
David Colquhoun, London, UK
Traditional Chinese Medicine is the extract of our great ancestor' thoughts. It is a complete system of phylosophy, some of the theories are really hard to be understood, especially, to a person who has little knowledge of Chinese culture. Even some people conclude :it is j ust superstition. What here I would like to say is that there is a long way to go in understanding and learning Chinese medicine. We need patience and objective attitude in the issue how to treat WESTERN medicine or CHINESE medicine.Thanks.
aaaa04275903, Pan jin,Liaoning, China
Something really bothers me about this trial. I have had a lot of acupuncture treatments, and also assisted an acupuncturist many years ago. From my own experience and observations, if the acupuncture point is missed, then needling really hurts. If an acupuncture point is needled then any discomfort felt is very different. And, I have noticed that inserting needles to points that are painful to finger pressure, actually relieves that pain. So, I don't see how random pricking, unless to genuine points would be bearable.
Further, the suggestion that lengthy training is unnecessary, seems ludicrous. Again, from my own experience and that of others I know, the better trained the practitioner the better the outcome.
A Anderton, Paignton, UK
Don't forget - the trial was done in Germany. Knowing the german medical system - it is completly different from what we are practising here. Physio here and there is different, so is the traditional treatment for lower back pain. I do however agree that "sham" acupuncture is successful and I think the publishers mean "western dry needling".
Dr Stefan Scheuner, Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK
I am not agree with the artical. Acupunctur works so well when apply to body shaping and body weight control. There could not be a misstake when so many years approval on the table. This is simply unbelievable!
Chen Hung An, Guangzhou, China
Perhaps I've missed the point!
A number of acupuncture points on the back are closely distributed. The randomly placed needles in the placebo acupuncture test may well have hit other classical points/meridians, helping blood flow and lymph etc?
Unless the fake acupuncture trial used areas never associated with any traditional acupuncture point or other meridian, the results of this "random" test are worthless.
Can someone direct me to the information that categorically shows that in the "random/placebo" acupuncture test, no other meridian lines could have possibly been involved.
This would require that the researchers had professional acupuncturists placing needles in the wrong areas.
Would any real therapist agree to this?
Andre Gadomsky, Rye Harbour, United Kingdom
To be described as an acupuncturist requires far more than being able to stick needles into someone. This article doesn't state whether the person needling was an acupuncturist or a western doctor. The approach of the two would be hugely different and in the case of an acupuncturist includes study of Chinese Medicine Theory (not just acupuncture points) as well as Western Medical Science.
Additionally in NHS trusts there have been success rates for such treatments of over 70%, well above the placebo rating and giving real and continued benefits and results for both patients and the Department of Health. Treatment of this type doesn't occur in the NHS unless it has proven results and is financially shrewd (eg. saves the Department of Health money).
A W, London,
I find the definitions here quite concerning. It seems to me that 'physiotherapy' is used to describe a set fast treatment regardless of the findings on examination. In fact a physiotherapist is an autonomous clinician whose treatment is very much decided upon the initial assessment. Physios use exercise, mobilisation, manipulation, postural advice, electro-therapy, massage and acupuncture amongst other modalities to treat the patient as an individual. In my experience; when a doctor, physio, psychologist and other members of the multi-disciplinary work closely together to combat lower back pain the best outcome is commonly achieved.
N Southorn, Lancashire, UK
Just maybe, the nerves in the skin, even when needle not placed deeply or in the 'right place', still react to the stimulation providing a pain relieving effect.
YVETTE SEDLEWICZ, boise, usa/id
Acupuncture is my source of medical help..It has helped my husband with aphasia after a stroke, it has cured my tmj and it keeps us well and h ealthy so that we dont need to rely on prescriptions..which are deadly.......
However,,,a very qualified acupuncturist is the answer...not one who has had 6 months of training..look for a Chinese dr with medical qualifications...you will never be sick again!!!!!
psyverson, eden praire, mn