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Anorexia may be caused by inherited differences in the way a sufferer’s brain operates, leading to obsessive behaviour, according to research.
Rather than being triggered by images of super-thin models and celebrities, the eating disorder could be brought on by the in-built way in which the brain responds to pleasure and reward. It has been argued that images of unhealthily thin stars in the media have encouraged anorexic behaviour in impressionable young women. But a study published in The American Journal of Psychiatry suggests that the brains of anorexia sufferers behave differently to those of the rest of the population and that certain people are born with a susceptibility to develop the condition.
A team of psychiatrists, led by Walter Kaye, of the University of Pittsburgh, tested the emotional responses of 13 former anorexics compared with those of 13 nonsufferers.
The women were asked to play a computer game where correct guesses were rewarded financially. During the test, the team used functional MRI scans to monitor the participants’ brain activity by measuring blood levels in certain areas.
Among the nonsufferers, the brain region connected to emotional responses – the anterior ventral striatum – showed strong differences between winning and losing the game. Among the women with a history of anorexia, however, there was little difference in activity between winning and losing.
Professor Kaye said: “In anorexia, this might impact on food enjoyment. For anorexics, then, perhaps it is difficult to appreciate immediate pleasure if it does not feel much different from a negative experience.”
Another brain area, the caudate, involved in linking actions to outcome and planning, was far more active in the recovering anorexics than in the control group. The former tended to have exaggerated worries about the consequences of their behaviours, looked for rules where there were none and were overly concerned about making mistakes.
“There are some positive aspects to this kind of temperament. Paying attention to detail and making sure things are done as correctly as possible are constructive traits in careers such as medicine or engineering,” Professor Kaye said. “But carried to extremes, such obsessive thinking can be harmful, which is what happens in anorexia. This piece of research points to the fact that the brains of people with anorexia are wired differently.
“This means they react and think in different ways to the ordinary person and that they are more likely to go on to develop anorexia regardless of whether they have been exposed to images of super-thin models.”
Professor Kaye said that his study showed that even former anorexics still had difficulty enjoying simple pleasures. “What this points to is that anorexics have something different going on in their brains, which marks them out as having either different structures in the brain or different pathways for processing thought that stay with them for life. We may be able, with a lot of hard work, to get them back to eating, but deep down in their brain there appear to be biological differences that don’t go away.”
Ian Frampton, a psychologist at Exeter University, has been working with anorexics using the same MRI technology. He said: “Professor Kaye’s research supports a growing feeling that anorexia is a biological condition caused by the brains of some people being structured in a different way. We are still conducting our research, but we are seeing similar things.
“We are not totally sure what is happening in these youngsters but we think that some of this might be inherited or some might be due to a fault in the developing brain either in the womb or during early childhood.”
Dr Frampton said that while all adolescent girls have issues about body image, for most it is a passing phase: “We need to move away from this idea that supermodels are to blame. It is probably not good for them to look as they do. But for anorexics, the desire not to eat and to be thin seems to be already in them and not something they can pick up by looking at a magazine.
“There were, after all, anorexics before super-thin models.”
Possible triggers
–– Recognition of anorexia nervosa dates from work in London and Paris in
1873, but a disorder apparently resembling it was first written about by
John Reynolds, a physician and minister, in 1669
–– Beat, the eating disorders charity, says that a disorder is unlikely to
result from a single cause. Potential triggers include low self-esteem,
problems with friends or family relationships, the death of someone special,
problems at work or university, sexual or emotional abuse
–– The most likely group to be affected are young women, especially those aged
15 to 25
–– About 90,000 people in Britain are estimated to be receiving treatment
–– The effects of anorexia, other than weight loss, can include constipation,
dizzy spells, bloated stomach, downy hair on the body, poor blood
circulation, loss of periods, loss of interest in sex and loss of bone mass,
eventually leading to osteoporosis
Source: Beat
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I have suffered from severe anorexia for 15 years- although i have recovered now i am aware that i will always have to be vigilent.That said anorexia is a lot about control and an obsessive one- and its not always a bad thing- indifference and complete slack is worse i think-- I managed to turn this obsession into building rather than destroying:building muscle mass and definition - increasing my level of fitness -
When it happened to me I was not in contact with images of super skinny models, however they offend me now and I do think that they provide a validation for delusion to sugffering anorexics - already there is a lot of delusion in an anorexic 's mind when it comes to weight- but if society is giving the signal that it's ok then getting out of it is going to be harder.
Great to see research findings and improvements but I would be weary of forgetting the size o issue.
Malika, london,
I'm fifty years old and anorexic. ( I weigh 38kgs and know I look awful. I don't have the benefit of youth and a young skin to ameliorate if at all possible the visual appearance of this condition
This is the only way I can control my life, when I can't control other outside 'forces' for want of a better word.
Anorexia isn't new. It's just better recognised and categorised these days.
Marianne, Leicester,
I personally think it is a combination of things that causes someone to develop an eating disorder; inheritace, childhood, media "etc", in my experience i just wanted to be thin aswell as moving countries triggered the disease. I have done some video blogs on youtube if you would like to see: my username is ,
xpowerrangerx
( i am 14 by the way)
I also think you cant really get rid of the disease but maybe I'm wrong i am "recovered" but i still think about not eating so maybe I am not fully recovered.
I was close to dying, and i dont really care if I go there again. I would rather die thin, than fat or "normal"
I Still have part of me that wants to "model thin" even thinner.
When I see Fat/obese people i think to myself "How can people let themselves get like that?"
Shannon Hoey, Southmapton, England, UK
At last! Having lived with Anorexia all my life - the physical symptoms being evident for over 20 years - I have known for a long time that I was born predisposed to develop this disorder. I have never wanted to be this way and have struggled against the illness, desperate to be well for as long as I can remember. I know that there is something fundamentally wrong with the way in which my brain functions which led to this illness - it is fantastic that finally research is being done into brain function. Until it is scientifically proven, people - in particular certain areas of the media - will continue to perpeptuate the many misconceptions surrounding this complex, severe, deadly destructive illness. Anorexia has nothing to do with food or wanting to be thin, it cannot be 'caught'. Nor do I believe there has been an increase, it's just more people are being diagnosed. The sooner research like this provides conclusive answers the better for all sufferers so desperate to be well.
KJ, King's Lynn, England
If this is the case then why is advertising so effective? Surely this relies on imagery having an effect on people. Would companies be prepared to spend billions of pounds every year on something that didn't work?
PC, London,
I suffered from anorexia in the dim dark ages of the mid-seventies when little was known about the disease, let alone there being effective treatments. At my lowest I weighed 35 kg. Somehow I managed to pull myself out of it (took 3 years) and have gone on to live a normal life, including having 2 children as my fertility, thank god, was not affected. While one of the above writers trivializes anorexia because it is not as visible as the obesity problem, it is a fact that it has the highest morbidity rate of any psychiatric illness, that being 10%. The causes of anorexia are complex and differ for each sufferer, but the current stereotype of female beauty, that being ultra-thin, cannot help. Women with perfectly healthy bodies get caught up in a cycle of self-loathing and dieting in order to try to conform to this impossible ideal. With the weight loss, fashion, cosmetics and cosmetic surgery industries all cashing in on this vulnerability, one can only hope for change.
Alicat, Melbourne, Australia
It obviously is a combination of biological and social.
I, personally, don't think that that it is a coincidence that anorexia has increased as obesity has increased. I think that anorexics are people with a morbid fear of obesity. I don't blame the media or thin models. I think we like our models thin for the same reason that anorexics don't know when to stop. We are inundated with obesity and it is refreshing. Of course, anorexia goes further, into a vicious cycle, a lack of pleasure and into dangerous medical territory. I think people who were anorexic would have had other problems, years ago.
rini, huntingdon valley, usa / pennsylvania
while attention to detail and the desire to be 'perfect' may well be hard-wired the brain, the standard for perfection is not. perfection is defined by society, and society today worships thin.
as someone who suffered from an eating disorder in the past i can honestly say that it wasn't looking at skinny models that caused the problem. however, the fetishisation of thin in the media did give me another reason to think that i wasn't good enough, this time because i was too fat.
the media doesn't cause anorexia - happy, healthy girls don't suddenly stop eating. but insecure, unhappy girls are far more likely to develop the disease if they are constantly surrounded by images that define beauty in such a (literally) narrow way.
Lucy, London,
Murrin, you probably never saw them because although it is alway gratifying as a sufferer (I am a rare male version!) to see the pounds disappear, you end up covering this "hard work" with loose fitting clothing, because no matter what, you are still "fat"!
Although recovered, not cured, I still see extra centimetres....now, I cope with it before it would have resulted in purging the body of nutrition (and a trip to hospital). What maitains that view, the morbid fear (a clinical defintion as well) of becoming fat, obesely so, like many poeple these days! I couldn't look like I was pregnant (I am a man, it just looks UGLY!)
For every sufferer there are the (personal) triggers, but we need understanding and not, as some do, victimising- we are already victimised by ourselves!
tim, naples, italy
it is not thin people who make me want to eat less, but the obese, who greedily overeat , who make food unappealing, as I don't want to end up looking or behaving like them.
Elizabeth Hassall, Stoke-on-Trent, uk
Murrin, you're not seeing them because it only affects AT MOST 1% of the population. It is nowhere near an "epidemic," yet anorexia still gets an insane amount of press. I surely have never met an anorexic, not even someone who even remotely looked like one. On the opposite end of the spectrum (here in US) 60% of the population is overweight. We are incessantly bombarded with skinny-models, yet 3/5 of us are fat? I simply cannot accept the skinny-model argument. We should be dedicating resources to more prolific food problems (like, um, overconsumption and hunger).
CW, Dallas, TX
To be honest, I don't remember anorexics from my youth in the sixties. I believe, and I am sure many others do too, that the celebration of THIN is unhealthy and must have an inpact on people with little self-esteem. Anorexia is but one way of coping with the pressure to be like everyone else.
Moreover, I really don't think it's a biological thing, as Kaye suggests; where were the anorexics when I was young? It seems a condition that has become epidemic in the past 15 years or so. And that brings us right back to the skinny role models, on the catwalk, the tube, the movie screens and in the magazines. If you want to be perfect (and that may well be a biological condition) there is a crowd of skin and bones out there telling you exactly how.
Murrin, Amstelveen, the Netherlands