Nigel Hawkes, Health Editor
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Smoking in pregnancy is far less damaging to the unborn baby than commonly supposed, detailed analysis suggests. If women give up smoking by the fifth month of pregnancy, the effect on the baby is negligible, the study found. And even if they do not, the effect on birthweight is surprisingly small.
The study by Emma Tominey, a research assistant at the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics, throws new light on government efforts to stop women smoking when they become pregnant. While it does not suggest that such efforts are pointless, it shows that directing advice towards the newly pregnant is worthwhile.
It also shows that the worst effects are suffered by women from the poorest backgrounds, because in their case smoking is often combined with other unhealthy activities, such as poor diet and consumption of alcohol.
Middle-class women suffer almost no damaging effects, the analysis suggests, even if they continue to smoke throughout pregnancy.
The findings, published as a report by the centre, will not be welcomed by anti-smoking groups, whose message to young women is intended to make them feel guilty about damaging their babies.
In Ms Tominey’s view, the damage is real but relatively small, and even if all women gave up smoking, only about one in eight babies with a low birthweight would avoid being classified as such.
The report uses data from the UK National Child Development Study, which provides details of mothers and their children between 1973 and 2000 — a total of 3,368 women and 6,860 children.
The information includes the mothers’ smoking habits, information about their families, and the birthweight and gestation period of the children.
Analysis of the data shows that smoking throughout pregnancy reduces birthweight by 5.6 per cent, and the gestation period by just over a day. But when the results are corrected for other factors, such as diet, lifestyle and alcohol, the effect of smoking on birthweight drops to 1.8 per cent and the reduction in gestation becomes insignificant.
The study also finds that, contrary to the normal belief that damage is done early in pregnancy, it is the final third that matters most, because this is when babies gain the most weight.
Another surprising finding is the strong class effect. The damage is greatest among mothers with the lowest levels of education. Those who leave school at 16 cause twice the harm to their babies with each cigarette smoked. Ms Tominey concludes: “Other behaviours of the mother play a large role . . . over and above her smoking habits.”
Policies intended to help babies should aim to educate mothers generally, not simply try to persuade them to stop smoking, she said.
However, she does not conclude that smoking is harmless. “We find that up to 13 per cent of children classified as low-birthweight born to smoking mothers could have been classified as healthy, had their mothers not smoked.”
The policy implications, however, are that stopping smoking alone is not enough to deal with inequalities in child health, she concludes.
“Not only is it the low-socioeconomic-status mothers who choose to smoke, but they are also the mothers bearing the greatest burden from the smoking.”
She said: “Therefore, any potential solution must offer help to these mothers, to target those with the worst habits and poorest records of child health.”
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Emma, I wonder how much you smoked during pregnancy? With my first oregnancy, I cut down significantly and my baby was so low birth weight. I'm pregnant again and have not cut down. In fact, I'm smoking more than before I was pregnant. She is big for her age. I'm scared as hell.
Anne, Buffalo, U.S.A.
Everything you put into your body will affect your baby either in a positive way or a negative way. It is your job to make sure that you are only introducing things that have a positive affect. Would you place a cigarette in your baby's mouth after birth? There is no difference.
Kim, Lebanon, USA
I am 16 weeks pregnant and I have been struggling to stop smoking. I think that it is far easier said than done to quit smoking, even when you know the health risks to your baby. Above all else, it is an addiction, and some people (myself included) find that they lack the willpower to do it.
Dannielle, Glasgow, Scotland
I am currently pregnant and have been trying, unsuccessfully, to quit smoking. I know many women (my mother included) who smoked while pregnant and had healthy babies. I get very sick of being thought of as a "bad mom." I say do the best you can, things should turn out fine if you do what you can.
Jen, Detroit, USA
To: Judy, Liverpool, England
"My advice to all pregnant women would be to get rid of anything that offers daily news, tv radio etc. You would be a lot better off."
Judy, I humbly beg to disagree! Knowledge is POWER! Millions of women, especially, are dying all over the world from cancer and other horrible diseases...because they do not have adequate INFORMATION to take care of themselves and to save their lives!
We cannot afford to hide our heads in the sand in this age in which CANCER is expected to strike one in three people in their lifetimes!
Garth Rex, Glendale Heights, USA
For what it is worth, smoking in the USA is fast disappearing because of the widely publicised health hazzards, including lethal lung, mouth and throat cancers. This is despite the efforts of BIG Tobacco...the wealthy major tobacco companies.
The incidence of cancer appears to be reaching epidemic proportions in the USA, with one in three people to suffer the disease.
Smoking during pregnancy is also linked to fetal death, birth defects and childhood illnesses.
Not everyone who smokes contracts or dies of lung cancer...and not every pregnant woman who smokes loses her baby....however fewer and fewer intelligent and well-informed people in the USA seem to want to
gamble with their lives and those of their unborn children.
I once knew a very beautiful woman who smoked constantly during her pregnancy...until she lost her baby during the ninth month. She told me that the doctor said that the baby died as a result of her smoking.
Be informed...be aware...be warned.
Garth Rex, Glendale Heights, USA
what are we allowed to do? I'm fed up with listening to contrasting views on my pregnancy and my health - and I am absolutely sick to death of being labelled a bad mother who will burn in hell because I like the odd fag and a glass or two of red wine.
Laura, Milan, Italy
Perhaps those who saw fit to erect the hateful and obscene billboard I saw recently in Trowbridge in Wiltshire "Smoking during pregancy is tantamount to Manslaughter" will now remove it.
Anna, Carcassonne, France
I smoked with both my children my oldest was born weighing
9lbs 12 oz he has never suffered any illeness to with me smoking and second child weighed 10lbs 10ozs and the same with him he nevered suffered any illeness to do with me smoking they are now grown up both fit and they do not smoke
emma, withernsea, england
How very interesting. I wonder how many more newspapers (not to mention the BBC) would have run this story if it's conclusion had been that smoking was more - not less - harmful than previously believed.
Chris, Brighton, England
I do not know the truth or otherwise of these claims, however what I do know is that there will be a hurried piece of 'research' brought ot by one of the anti smoking lobby groups funded by the big drug companies showing a total different result and it will be posted in the main stream media to great fanfare. Such is the power of the anti smoking movement. The truth means little to them. Demonising smoking and smokers is their life's work..
I am a life long never smoker
Robert Feal-Martinez, Swindon, England
since doctors turned around & declared Alcohol is ok in pregnancy I don't believe a word they say.
they switch opinions from one month to the next!
if taking a aspirin in pregnancy is frowned upon,
why would smoking or drinking for that matter, be all right?
suzyn, clacton on sea, essex UK
Much more damaging to the unborn child is the constant bombardment by the medical profession and Government of misleading information to the mother. My advice to all pregnant women would be to get rid of anything that offers daily news, tv radio etc. You would be a lot better off.
judy, Liverpool, England