Analysis: Martyn Lobley
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Treating depression with drugs may not be new, but many doctors feel that patients expect to receive a packet of pills for their depression or anxiety as a matter of course.
Both GPs and the public have taken it on trust that SSRIs — a new generation of antidepressants hailed as just as good as older drugs, but without side-effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision and constipation — are going to be effective.
We have taken it on trust that a person who takes an SSRI, such as Prozac, and gets better has done so because of the drug. Patients who do not respond after four to six weeks of treatment either have their dose increased or are switched to an alternative SSRI with the expectation that they will not have to endure side-effects. But it seems that this absence of side-effects may mirror a similar lack of benefits for most patients.
This crucial finding has only come to light because a meta-analysis — combining the results of several smaller studies and analysing them as a whole — published today includes unpublished clinical trials. This research has seldom seen the light of day because of “publication bias” — if a drug company sponsors a trial that shows that their drug is no better than current medication or placebo — then the results are far less likely to appear in literature.
“Defeat depression” was a campaign in the 1990s that became a turning point for the uptake in SSRIs. It was backed by the Royal College of Psychiatrists and was designed to raise awareness among GPs and the public.
It aimed to encourage patients to admit to symptoms that might indicate an underlying depressive illness, even when they were presenting mainly with physical symptoms.
GPs were instructed to take such symptoms seriously, but many doctors felt that the campaign’s hidden agenda was to encourage more frequent SSRI prescribing. In 2008 there may be more suitable treatments available, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), where the focus is on “talking rather than taking”. However, the funding has not been forthcoming for CBT — the waiting lists are unacceptably long — and as a result many patients receive a prescription for an antidepressant. This is often simply to tide them over until they are seen in an appropriate setting. The irony is that patients then sometimes find it hard to stop their SSRIs, which in any case should not be stopped suddenly because this can induce withdrawal symptoms.
In the same way that I would order a panel of blood tests or scans to get to the bottom of a physical symptom, I often ask patients to complete a standardised mental health questionnaire (the hospital anxiety and depression scale, or HAD for short) before advising which course of action is most likely to help them.
The HAD scale is valuable in that it differentiates between patients whose symptoms primarily reflect anxiety, who in the main do not need drug treatment, and those whose symptoms are mainly depressive. It also quantifies the severity of the patient’s symptoms. Those whose scores indicate only a mild or moderately severe depression are usually best advised to avoid prescription drugs, though they might wish to try an over-the-counter product such as St John’s wort (hypericum).
Those whose symptoms suggest a moderately severe depression might be encouraged to undergo a course of CBT in an effort to relieve their symptoms. It is essential that GPs take patients who present with symptoms of anxiety and depression seriously but this does not necessarily require the prescription of an antidepressant drug. As today’s evidence underlines, such a prescription may, for some patients, not be worth the paper it’s written on.
Dr Martyn Lobley is a GP in southeast London
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I work for a small registered charity that has been offering support, CBT and 'talking therapies' for nearly 13 years to people living with anxiety disorders, phobias and obsessive compulsive disorders. We get no Government funding and only minimal funding from our local PCT's, although we receive constant referrals (for free!) from statutory services, such as GP's, psychologists, Occupational Therapists and so on. We are now in grave danger of having to close due to lack of funding. Where's the sense in that? www.anxietycare.org.uk
Trish Mossey, Ilford, UK
Most GP's I have had contact with over the years either for myself or children, have got to the root of any problem within a reasonable time frame, and with approachable, user friendly attitude, a benefit for all concerned, however a house move changed all that, as a family we are lucky not to be plagued with mental health issues, however others are not so lucky. In a given area, if people fear or feel very nervous using their nearest health provider, down to poor diagnosis or blatantly wide spread and aggressive attitudes,. then plucking up the courage to attend for a packet of pills might be the nearest they get to any life change, begging for talking therapies would be too much, even if known to be far more beneficial, are these drugs supposed to be for short term use,and then monitored closely thereafter? talking therapies, essential fatty acids, diet ,exercise? surely any form of cost effective therapy keeping families together and not clogging hospital beds should be looked at.
mary wilks, suffolk coastal,
Being a trainee adult nurse I have recently had to face full on what others around me have always termed 'strange me' with my extreme moodiness, social avoidance, anxiety and tendency to feel down a lot of the time. When I went to speak to my GP recently, I initially appreciated his attitude of not throwing forward the pills method, before suggesting counselling. I now realise that offering patients 'talking therapies' is part of the NICE guidelines, and part of me wishes i had the pills in my pocket, just in case. I wish there was more openess about depression in general, and that I was talked better through the SSRI-s on first consultation. I feel bad about going to see my GP now, and ask for medication, as i feel he would ask the inevitable: And have you seen the counsellor as i suggested? Its partly my worry of whether the counsellor will really help. My friend pays for CBT and recommends it, but nursing students hardly have the budget for it, when in fact, we often badly need it.
L.Hall, London,
How much does it cost for a 6-month course of a typical SSRI?
How much does it cost for a 6-month course of counselling or similar therapy?
I suspect that the answers to the above questions may serve to illuminate the debate concerning over-prescription.
Rob Cheeseman, Derby, UK
Some patients really struggle to pluck up the courage to visit their local medical practice, if in the past they have had aggressive and dismissive treatment regarding other health concerns which leaves them weighing up where to go, or perhaps once there just to receive something whether pills or not is better than nothing. More acting on findings whether regarding mental health or physical concerns would highlight shortfalls in particular areas. Depression is very dangerous as is any community left wondering where or who to consult about even the most basic health needs. Most would like to be referred for talking therapies, how hard should they have to push in view of the governments much publicised drive to increase access to these effective therapies?
mary foord brown, suffolk coastal,
My sister had a breakdown and it took 6 months to get her 5 sessions of CBT. She was terribly ill and was also housebound, Nobody could come out to see her as that is not part of the health service so she had to suffer terrifying experiences to go and see a medical practictioner, Not good enough!
Amber Burrows, Holyhead, Anglesey, UK
It is typical (above) that a GP states it is the patient who is to blame for the over-prescription of anti-depressants by GPs. If patients expect a pill for every ill, it is only because they have been told this is the solution to their problems by health professionals they trust. Even to the point where they become addicted to them. As a user of complementary medicinefor over 20 years - initially to wean my mother from the 18 years repeat prescription of librium she was givne by her gp, without his even seeing her each time, I know that if a patient wants anything but drugs they have to press for it. Most doctors look amazed when asked what can be done without drugs. GPs must take responsibility for their over-use of anti-depressents rather than blame the patient, who unlike them, rarely has access to their side-efects and tens to trust the person who has been trained by the state for 7 years to know what they are doing! J.Poole. Chartered Psychologist
Dr J. Poole, Romsey, Hants
The research into the use of St John's Wort is, to quote a Cochrane review (the most objective review of the available evidence that we have) "inconsistent and unreliable" It's not a basis to argue that the drug has no effect - bad research is just as likely to miss a benefit as it is to demonstrate an unjustified one.
NICE guidelines advise doctors not to prescribe it or recommend its use at present because of concerns about the widely varying bio-availability between different manufacturer's products - as it's classed as a food rather than a drug the regulations about product quality are nowhere near as stringent.
This meta-analysis showed that if SSRI's do have a beneficial effect then they are more likely to help patients with profound and severe depression but even that finding may be a result of patients' differing responses to placebo.
And to answer your final point, I'm a GP with a special interest in both psychiatry and pharmacology with additional qualifications in both.
Martyn Lobley, London,
The meta analysis methodology itself enables âpublication biasâ in the sense of selecting which data sets not to include and also ignoring technical limitations of individual studies such as different sizes of drug and control groups. Meta analysis is altogether "iffy" statistically and bad science and its results at best suggest further lines of investigation rather than demonstrating effects....feeds only the "no smoke without fire", "big conspiracy" type thinking
BKriss, London,
St John's Wart is clinically ineffective in double-blind studies. How can you suggest people take it? For the placebo effect?
Having lived with someone that suffers severe depression, and knowing the effectiveness of the medication on their well being, I find it startling to discover the same witchhunt against SSRIs being dug up once more.
Why is a GP writing this article instead of a psychiatrist?
Brett Cox, London,