By Times Online and agencies
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Negotiators trying to agree a road map for a new international climate change deal finally managed to broker a compromise deal today after days of wrangling.
Environment Secretary Hilary Benn today hailed the agreement as "an historic breakthrough".
Following tense talks, ministers from around 180 countries meeting in Bali agreed the agenda for a global emissions cuts agreement to launch negotiations for a post-2012 agreement to tackle climate change.
Agreement for the road map followed a dramatic U-turn by the US, which had threatened to block the deal at the 11th hour and been booed by other countries.
It dropped its opposition to poorer countries' calls for technological and financial help to combat the issue.
While it will be two years before a final deal on post-2012 is likely to be struck, countries have been fighting for the kinds of things they want to see on the table for those talks.
Mr Benn said: "This is an historic breakthrough and a huge step forward.
"For the first time ever all the world's nations have agreed to negotiate on a deal to tackle dangerous climate change concluding in 2009."
He said it was the compelling clarity of the science and the strength of the case for urgent action that has made this agreement possible.
But it was political leadership that made it happen, Mr Benn added.
He continued: "Our changing climate has changed our politics, because we knew that we could not let people down.
"We came here saying we wanted a road map that included every country and covered emission reductions from developed countries and fair and equitable contributions from developing countries.
"We leave here with all of this and more - a groundbreaking agreement on deforestation, and others on adaptation and technology.
"And against predictions these negotiations will be guided by ambitious goals for emission reductions.
"What we have achieved here has never been done before.
"Less than a year ago, many would have said this agreement was impossible.
"Now we must make it work, and in the next two years agree the detail of a comprehensive global climate deal that will take us beyond 2012."
The agreement follows days of emotionally-charged wrangling.
UN secretary general Ban Ki-Moon, who returned to Bali as the conference stretched into another day, had earlier said he was "disappointed" at the lack of progress.
A highly emotional Mr Ban told delegates: "Now the hour is late. It's time to make a decision.
"You have in your hands the ability to deliver to the people of the world a successful outcome to this conference."
Ministers worked through the night to hammer out the details of an agenda for the agreement which will replace the current Kyoto Protocol.
The EU conceded on one of the main sticking points - the inclusion in the road map of a reference of 25 per cent to 40 per cent emissions cuts by developed countries by 2020, which scientists have said are necessary to avoid dangerous climate change.
The EU had insisted the figures were in the document because they are based on the science of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and an ambitious road map was needed.
But the US demanded - and won - their removal, claiming they could "prejudge" outcomes of negotiations over the past two years.
This morning the Europeans accepted a road map in which the targets were missing, as were references to the need for emissions to peak within 10 to 15 years and for global greenhouse gas output to halve by 2050.
Instead the document said countries recognise that "deep cuts in global emissions" will be required, and calls for a "long-term global goal for emissions reductions".
In turn the US conceded over the issue in the road map of how much developing countries need to do to curb their emissions.
Paula Dobriansky, the head of the US delegation, said: "I think we have come a long way here.
"In this, the United States is very committed to this effort and just wants to really ensure we all act together.
"We will go forward and join consensus."
The sudden reversal by the US in the marathon talks which saw the country duelling with European envoys was met with rousing applause.
The US is the only major industrial nation to reject Kyoto.
President George Bush has complained that it would unduly damage the US economy, and emission caps should have been imposed on China, India and other fast-growing developing countries.
The Bush administration favours a voluntary approach with each country deciding how it can contribute in place of internationally negotiated and legally binding commitments.
Campaigning groups said the deal had been stripped of important targets and hit out at the US's "wrecking policy".
Keith Allott, Head of Climate Change at WWF UK, said: "We are not at all pleased.
"We were looking for a road map with a destination."
But he praised the talks having been brought back from the brink of collapse, with the alliance of the G77 developing countries with the EU.
He said positive aspects included the beginning of a framework to ramp up the finance to help poorer countries adapt and potential for "real movement" with technology transfer.
Looking ahead, Mr Allott hoped for a new administration in the US.
"We are seeing a dynamic situation in many of the countries," he said.
"We have had a sea change in Australia."
Greenpeace said that the agreement had been stripped of the emission reduction targets that humanity needs.
"The Bush Administration has unscrupulously taken a monkey wrench to the level of action on climate change that the science demands," said Gerd Leipold, executive director of Greenpeace International.
"They've relegated the science to a footnote."
Greenpeace said it remains confident that mounting public pressure on every continent will force governments over the next two years to agree "inevitable" deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions.
The group criticised the US's strategy, saying the Bush Administration was "shamed" by the firm resolve of the developing countries China, India, Brazil and South Africa, who came to Bali with concrete proposals.
Nelson Muffuh, a Christian Aid senior climate change policy analyst, said: "For most of the conference, the US delegation in particular proved a major obstacle to progress.
"They appeared to operate a wrecking policy, as though determined to derail the whole process.
"We welcome their last minute agreement to support the consensus in accepting the Bali road map, having said less than an hour earlier that it was unacceptable, and we sincerely hope they are serious in their stated desire to negotiate.
"But the way ahead will be hard. The Bush administration has said throughout that it wants to see developing countries agree to cuts in carbon emissions.
"A number of emerging economies put creative, flexible plans on the table, but will have little incentive to negotiate further until the industrialised world agrees deeper cuts.
"Climate change is already having a devastating impact on the lives of some of the world's poorest communities through drought and flooding."
He said the lack of clear targets in the road map leaves them exposed to further catastrophe.
"We were expecting a road map, and we've got one," said Mr Muffuh. "But it lacks signposts and there is no agreed destination."
A spokesman for the Carbon Markets Association (CMA) welcomed the breakthrough "of a road map to engaging all nations, including the US, in meaningful negotiations toward long-term commitments by 2009.
"The process to 2009 should at a minimum deliver an extension of the first phase binding commitments beyond 2012 as well the engagement of a broader group of nations with binding commitments."
Friends of the Earth director Tony Juniper was another who was disappointed with the outcome of the talks. He said industrialised nations had let developing countries down.
He said: "Many of the developing countries brought good proposals to Bali - they know we need a climate deal - but the industrialised nations have let them down.
"We urgently need to find a way forward for an international agreement.
"This is a journey we have to make together."
The group's international climate co-ordinator Stephanie Long said: "Around the world millions of people are already suffering the effects of climate change.
"People outside the talks have sent a strong message demanding climate justice.
"This message must no longer fall on deaf ears.
"We only have two years to build on this weak outcome and develop a just deal which ensures tough action from industrialised countries and assistance for people in the developing world."
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I quote:
'fundamentalist, neo-conservative oligarchy of Big Energy companies now complete with their own tame dog president & radical administration'
david, mullumbimby, Australia
Does this guy know something that we dont know? Where does he get this information from? The Internet?, Noam Chomskey? ( i think thats how you spell it) The X-fles?
Or is he not able to formulate his own arguements, make up his own mind?
The point that i am trying to make is that no matter what side of the fence you are on, by subscribing to to information on either makes you see the world in diferent colours. Neither of which is able to confirm the absulute truth.
The vast majority of of humans on this planet are drip feed some one elses interpratation of facts and figures. And we just accept the view that comforts our ego.
ross, cambridge, england
Why Bali? am I the only one who questions the size of the carbon footprint of getting all that lot plus media gang to Bali?
Frank, Brighton , Sussex
So no targets. So nothing's been done. So why the big headline?
Pierre Bernardi, Paris, France
Unless you attack population growth this is all Hot Air.
John, Glasgow, Scotland
Looks as if the US has adopted the old UK attitude (then to the EU), "if you can't wreck it from the outside, wreck it from within".
Bill McCann, Suzhou, China
The EU gave way, not the U.S. The E.U. caved in.
Very little of importance was achieved.
In any case the shortage of fossil fuels will eventually lower the pollution levels, not mankind. But too late of course.
Tom O'Farrell, Sarnia, Ontario. Canada
Once again the real rouge "state" on the Planet is revealed. The USA remains a great democracy but has been captured by a fundamentalist, neo-conservative oligarchy of Big Energy companies now complete with their own tame dog president & radical administration. However, this oligarch is not representative of the views & morality of the majority of mainstream US citizens. In Australia it took the removal of the Howard Government, a captive of 4 transnational energy corporations, to affect real change. In just over 1 year Bush & his cabal will be gone & the USA will then be able to fully take up its leadership role in solving the Global warming crisis.
david, mullumbimby, Australia
I am trying to wend my way through the objective facts and the subjective,emotional complaints about gas-guzzling SUVs, unhealthy Americans into some sort of perspective. Although here in Alaska there are actually bicycles with winter tyres I just can't visualize many cyclists in the intense cold of Mid and Northern Canada and the US Mid-West going too far,especially when carrying bags,or a bundle of skis.
We had to abandon our economical Toyota for a Subaru. Why?
Because there is little or no protection for the Toyota in a collision,and it doesn't have much traction, or control in a skid.
You HAVE to have four-wheel drive in States and Provinces with severe Winters.
Or try managing with a wood stove, or no heat.
Stanley Austin M.D., ANCHORAGE,, Alaska, U.S.
My skepticism of the necessity for action comes from 2 main reasons:
1) In general, more prosperous societies are cleaner, compare western Europe with Eastern Europe during the 70s and 80s. Many of the warming "cures" strike me as likely to diminish economic progress.
2) The primary spokesman for action is the worst possible - a politician, and not just any politician, but a divisive one with a history of fabrications ("I invented the internet" - "I'm just a Tennessee farm boy"). Imagine how many people would feel if George Bush in later years has a pet project, would anyone on the left believe him.
Bob, Lexington, TN
I like the idea of 'middle road' science. Another one to add to 'a bit pregnant ' or 'slightly winded'! True scientists would be speechless.
Murf-Oscar, Waverton, Australia
This is a terrible day for freedom. Many of us were hoping the USA would resolutely resist the socialist transnationalists and their various front groups who seek to govern while being "Non Governmental Organisations", laughably. We may ask exactly what right these special interest groups such as Greenpeace or the WWF have to be at these negotations, and why anybody should listen to them. They should have been excluded- except of course that the UN is but a trojan horse for these oligarchs. The feeble, corrupted "science" of Global Warming is already collapsing and had little merit to begin with. We, the voiceless citizens of the world, are being betrayed and led into the abyss by our own governments. It's time the media turned their sights on the currents of patronage and money swirling through the NGOs, "charities" and tranzi organisations, before it's too late.
Ian B, Northampton, England
More near pointless waffle. Whatis the point of an agreement when there is no definition on level of cuts and to all but ignore the science. They'll spend the next 10 years determining what deep cuts means and in the end we all know it will mean far less than it needs to be.
The US is killing this planet and it will soon be joined as equal assassins by China and India. These 'talks' more than any other subject expose the greed and futility of 21st century politians. We're happy to go to war over energy resources, how long will it be before there's a war due to the impact climate change. How fast will our politians act then.
Ian, Toronto, Canada
I don't think the science IS compelling. Climate change has been going on since the earth was born and the evidence does NOT point to mankind being the sole cause of the current changes. Everybody knows one volcano eruption puts out more gases than we do in a year. I believe that many of the figures being bandied around are directly from the Dept of Guesswork and are being twisted for political ends. I'm not saying we have no part in Climate Change but I am saying I don't believe that the politicians are telling us the truth.
Dave Rushworth, Lancaster, England
Political propaganda is NOT science. UK court says Gore is a fraud. August 2007 Update: Man-made Catastrophic Global Warming Not True. Unfortunately, Hansen is a political hack of George Soros. Further, flawed NASA Global Warming data paid for by George Soros. In order to be an intelligent reader you must have a basic knowledge. Please do your own homework; a starting point http://www.InteliOrg.com/ Remember CONSENSUS is NEVER science itâs always a POLITICAL STATEMENT (a Party Line).
Dr Coles, Los Angeles, USA
I'm a working scientist with a long-abiding interest and occasional participation in political affairs, so I'v e observed developments around climate change with interest since activists first started campaigning in the 1980's. Unfortunately, it is clear to me that the whole thing has been choreographed from beginning to end: the science has fallen too neatly along expected lines. The IPCC is primarily a political organisation, rather than a scientific one. It is a pity that for the first time since the Enlightenment, scientific method has been polluted in a major way by politics. No-one really knows the truth of the matter now. In my opinion, the heroic efforts of President Bush, Canadian and other supporting negotiatiors to bring some sanity to this unfortunate situation we are all faced with, are to be applauded.
nicholas moat, mississauga, canada
There is in fact NO LINK between quality of life and amount of energy used per capita.
A good life can be had at much lower levels of energy consumption by cutting waste and pulling back on (usually over-) consumption. As I think Gandhi so wisely said 'there is enough for everyone's need but not for their greed.'
Thank God - now Bali has shown us a clear way forward.
Dick Warn, Hertford, UK
Politicians are incapable of solving the global warming conundrum. They have spent their careers playing a game of "trade-offs", that's how politics works. "You scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours !"
Furthermore, though tasked with matters of strategic importance (which demand time spans of decades), they think short-term. In the U.S. it's four years (or less), in the U.K. five - from one election to the next.
Intertwined with this hopelessly inadequate system of governance, is big business run by bean-counters who know nothing, and care little about the environment.
As Stephen Hawking warns, we will cook before the millennium is out. I believe him.
Dave, Knysna, South Africa
I continue to be amazed by the seeming self serving attitude of the US delegation, while the other 179 countries jointly move towards creating and agreeing a constructive environmental step change the US continually seems to duck and dodge - the US has a chance here to lead by example, instead the delegates of the other countries seem to be taking the role of the parents pushing and pulling the US along like some toddler.
While I don't necassarily buy into doomsday predicitions it is hard to ignore the 'middle road' science that still suggests that if the greenland ice shelf melts (it holds 10% of the worlds ice and 20% of it melts regularly year on year now compared to only 5% 5 years ago) then half of florida will disappear so while the US talks about the economic impact of signing up to carbon emmisson reduction targets what would be the economic (and human) cost of loosing half a state...? and more because it wouldn't just be florida that would be affected...
John Stein, London, UK
Once again we have hapless politicians describing a plan as a âroadmapâ â roadmaps are factual, they actually lead somewhere, their plans are more like âsnakes and laddersâ where politics and diplomacy are replaced by the throw of a dice.
Brian Christley, Abergele , UK
I woke up this morning (Saturday 15 Dec) to hear that they had reached agreement (in Bali) on preventing climate change, sure enough when I ventured out it was blooming freezing. I wonder what problem they will solve tomorrow.
Brian Christley, Abergele , UK
"Tom"
Or maybe they arent so eager to sign up to the 'World is doomed!!' craze thats going on at the moment.
Would you risk a $multi-trillion economy because of peoples mass hysteria?
Hell, the scientists cant say for sure that man is a prime contributor to this global warming. They dont even know whether it's natural or not.
Phill , The Wirral, UK
Bush, Cheney et al = Money from Oil - look at their history.
Why doesn't the civilised world wait until this regime is out and then re-negotiate with governance that at least, looks beyond their personal bank balances (dream!) and meanwhile, put pressure on possible future presidential candidates?
US Brothers and Sisters, please stop being hypnotised by the likes of FOX news. Your rulers are on par (if not worse - read: underhand) than your so called enemies.
Help Us to save Ourselves!
Peace.
Brenda, London,
Why bother?
I live near a couple of private schools in Los Angeles. Every morning there's a parade of giant SUV's dropping off the little darlings for school. One SUV = One darling student. Same parade at 3.30 pm. Green house gases...my tail pipe. We don't care. Let nature take its course and humans will be culled back. And we'll drive our Land Rover to the culling event.
Betty Fowler, Santa Monica,CA, USA
Mr. Jackson, I'm afraid you've bought into stereotypes. Not all Americans are obese, SUV-driving, Republican-base, religious fundamentalists. Each of these segments are a minority. A majority of Americans, however, regard the UK and UK citizens quite favorably. The only purpose served by your remarks is to damage that relationship, which also damages the ability of the UK to lead in the issue of climate change.
Greg Metcalfe, Albany, USA
I think human beings will only use less fossil fuel when there is less fossil fuel to use.
And that may come sooner than people think.
K Gardner, Leeds, UK
GWB didnât kill the Kyoto treaty in the US, the US Senate did. Treaties must be ratified by a 2/3 vote of the Senate (p://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Treaties.htm) and Kyoto never had a chance of being ratified. The average US voter would have crucified their Senator for voting to cripple the US economy by ratifying a treaty that would have turned over regulation of a significant portion of the US economy to a UN treaty.
The Bali meeting burned a lot of jet fuel and sold a lot of tabloid Brit newspapers, but accomplished nothing. The US delegation agreed to further discussions at a late date about a hypothetical process that stands as much chance of being ratified by the US Senate as the Kyoto treaty.
Dan, Florida, USA
Reducing emissions is only part of the answer. The hockey stick shaped graph of the warming and one of the development and explosive increase of wireless communication would likely look too similar, in time frame and shape, to be a coincidence. Radio, data transmission, TV, cell phones, remotes, satellites, internet, trackers, locaters, sensors, CBs. pagers, hand helds galore, etc. all create or utilize energy frequencies that activate, thus warm, just as those from the Sun with no built in regular cooling periods. The denial would dwarf that of the warming, natural or man made, but nature cares not for human opinion or desire. It does what it does whether prompted by man or not. Phone a friend, melt some ice? Does anyone dare research such a graph? Everything needs to be on the table, convenient or not.
Dan Thompson, Union, Oregon
The US is afraid that agreeing to and meeting targets to control climate change will affect their economic development. Well, yes it will! The average American will have to cut the amount they consume considerably where all kinds of products are concerned including food and fuel. Guess what? They may even be healthier as a result, not so obese if they eat less and exercise more instead of driving around in gas-guzzling cars!
Tom Jackson, London, UK