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Spain is suffering its worst drought in more than four decades, pitting the country's regions against each other in a fierce battle over water resources.
There has been 40 per cent less rain than usual since October 1 across the nation as a whole, according to the Meteorology Institute, although in some regions the impact has been far worse. Mediterranean regions such as Catalonia and Valencia have been the worst affected — they have had less rain than at any time since 1912.
Farmers in Catalonia fear they could lose their crops altogether if it does not rain in coming weeks, and Britons with homes on the coast could soon face restrictions on water.
The situation in Barcelona — Catalonia's capital and top tourist draw — could soon become critical. Water reserves there are at 19 per cent of capacity — they must be shut down when they reach 15 per cent because there is too much sediment near the bottom. José Montilla, president of Catalonia, said: “We must prepare for the worst.”
Meanwhile, other regions along the “green” northern edge of Spain, such as the Basque Country, have recently had to release water from their reservoirs as rivers threatened to burst their banks.
Most of the other regions along Spain's northern coast have had ample rain this year and have full reservoirs going into the summer.
Catalonia has tried to salvage matters by proposing to divert water from the River Segre to Barcelona. But Aragón, with which it shares the tributary, has steadfastly resisted the plan. Catalonia accuses its neighbour of hoarding water for unsustainable developments, such as a “European Las Vegas” with 70 hotels, five theme parks and several golf courses planned for a desert region.
Spain's central government has reminded the regions that, under the constitution, only it can authorise any changes in the course of rivers. It turned down the Segre plan, causing frictions with Catalonia's government. Joan Saura i Laporta, Catalonian home affairs minister, criticised the central government's stance as “frivolous, irresponsible and disloyal”.
Soon after taking power in 2004, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, the Prime Minister, scrapped a grand plan by José María Aznar López, his predecessor, to take water from the River Ebro to parched regions such as Valencia, Alicante, Murcia and Almería. There again, the plan was marked by ugly battles. Those in need of water accused those in the north of lacking in solidarity, while they in turn accused their coastal counterparts of wanting to water endless desert golf courses.
The Government's scrapping of the Ebro plan made it difficult for it to agree to Catalonia's plan for the Segre, albeit that was on a much smaller scale. Catalonia is now considering other options, including importing fresh water by boat from Marseille and bringing it in by train from other regions. The region is also building a seawater desalination plant that will produce the equivalent of two months' consumption each year.
Climate scientists give warning that Spain will be one of the countries worst affected by global warming. The strain on water resources is all the greater because most development is taking place along its parched, sun-baked coasts. Environmentalists also claim that at least 20 per cent of water in Spain is lost through leaking pipes.

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Continuation:The process mechanism:
In a water condensing device of a simple construction type, drinking water is produced by the surrounding air condensation on the condensing surfaces whereas the air is drawn from higher, cooler air levels (between 2500 to 4000 meters above sea level).
The cold air from high levels flows through lightweight piping made of textile cloth materials complete with cold insulation, onto condensing surfaces on the device to be cooled down. Through the heat/cold exchange process taking its course during the condensation, the previously cold air is warmed up and changing its density.
The now warm air is flowing through the textile piping made of lightweight cloth, absorbing heat from its surroundings and sun rays, until it reaches the warm air balloon with its equipment and devices. The warm air balloon carries the lightweight piping and keeps it in an upright floatation.
Warm air flowing into the insides of the warm air balloon serves as a carrier gas
^Gerhard Laschober, Vienna, Austria
Comment to the discussion watercrisis
An innovated concept for the production of drinking water using the âperpetuum mobileâ technique utilizing atmospheric chilling for condensation of water
To relieve the challenges of water shortages, we have invented an innovated device that can produce sweet water in warm regions lacking water, and have submitted a patent application.
An exaggerated and not quite technically proper term âPerpetuum mobile for water productionâ is used to visually demonstrate its function, and is based on an explanation of its principal. It is based on the natural pattern where chilled air gravitates down while warm air rises up which means that the free atmospheric air from cool heights flows down to a condensing device to supply it with an inexpensive cooling energy which when in its heated state separately flows into a warm air balloon and acts as an inexpensive carrier gas.
The pro
Laschober Gerhard, Vienna, Austria
As Spain are one of the worst climate 'offenders' in Europe (they are currently a massive 45% above their Kyoto target), I have some difficulty in mustering sympathy. The looming crisis over the world's water recources and the impact of climate change on this (generally making things worse) is frequently overlooked.
You may be able to pay for the extra tonne of carbon you emit but where are you going to turn when the taps run dry?
This should be a warning to all; climate change is real and is going to have disastrous consequences unless rapid action is taken.
Liam, London,
The truth is my neighbours are very careless with their resources: 4% of Spain is covered with (wood) TREES, as against over 50% in Portugal. In extreme Northern Portugal there is a mountain (serra) called Gerês with a natural park both sides of the border. Past through the «portela do homem» border You can get a profile view of the mountain, portuguese on the one side, spanish on the other. If You get-up early enought You get to SEE THE BORDER as if a glass separated the two natural parks: Rain in the Portuguese side, where there are trees and no rain on the sanish side, where there are no trees. TREES make a BIG difference.
If You have any doubt abou the importance of trees on rain, go there and see it for yourself.
Rui, Lisbon,
God did it and you deserve it
Rick, London,
Just another harbinger of the soon coming of Jesus Christ.
Rick, Houston, Texas
Spain should consider educating its farmers in permaculture principals of farming and begin a massive reforestation program. Forests generate their own rain fall and in turn increase the amount of rain in the regions in which they are located. No small feat but the status quo doesn't seem to be working so well.
Conner, Scotland,
People in Europe want to fool themselves, and call what is happening to our planet Global Warming, well it is not global warming at all. The Godless Greed of 1/4 of the population is killing the world to support their greed and shameless luxury. They are using up the worlds resources at the fastest rate ever. While people are wasting water in Europe, Africa does not even have clean drinking water, clean drinking water is being used to water the grass. people in the west are eating so much it is likely to kill them, the Africans is starving. The big logging companies are cutting down trees to make the designer cabinets for European kitchens. The depleation of fish stocks by over fishing, has nothing to do with global warming either, its all greed. Polution is not Global warming it is also about greed. People want to show off their wealth in their big Cars that they dont need. In Matthew 24 it speaks about the times in which we live today, and the outcome. We shall see worldwide Famine.
daphne kenward, cambridge, uk
This has of course nothing to do with climate change. Nigel Lawson has just published a book stating the EU is over-reacting on climate change and that people who spent their life studying the subject are scaremongerers. I therefore conclude that he and the lovely Nigella will be responsible enough to stand at the back of the food queues when there is a problem... and offer a large share of their respective incomes to mitigate the effects this will have in other parts of the world.
If crops fail again this year in the world's principals' agricultural areas we shall see how wise such iterations are. There is a good chance that climate change will pit Nation against Nation and even generation against generation or in Spain apparently region against region. Why are people prepared to take such a risk? Haven't we taken enough risks with our banking systems Mr Lawson? It is in everybody's interest that the artic oil remains untappable, this will avoid a conflict between certain nations.
Esther Phillips, Leatherhead,
i am witnessing this every day in valencia.almost every house has a swimming pool and every house has lawns to water.i have seen people turning their automatic watering system on while its heavily raining.somebody must teach these people how not to waste water.
it seems to me that lack of education and lack of care for the society is extremely damaging and water is one of those.
lack of respect for others is a big problem here in spain never mind the environment.
ebbi britt, valencia,