Lewis Smith, Environment Reporter
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Glaciers, lakes and forests have disappeared from Africa at an alarming rate in the past 36 years, satellite photographs have revealed.
The changing face of the continent was brought home to African ministers yesterday when they were presented with an atlas charting the speed of environmental destruction.
The loss of ice on Mount Kilimanjaro and the vanishing waters of Lake Chad were among the best-known problems, but deforestation, urbanisation and the spread of agriculture have also taken their toll.
Other great changes included tree loss and land degradation caused by refugees in the Sudan, the virtual disappearance of Lake Ngami in Botswana, the expansion of the city of Bujumbura in Burundi,and the loss of Cameroon's rainforest to rubber and palm plantations.
Hundreds of “before and after” satellite images offered a sobering assessment of the damage caused to the natural environment in less than four decades. The images formed part of Africa - Atlas of Our Changing Environment, launched yesterday after a two-year project by Unep, the United Nations Environment Programme.
Examples where the landscape has been restored or improved included the re-establishment of trees in Niger and the creation of mangroves on the Eritrean coast, but the majority of images highlighted cases of environmental damage.
Marion Cheatle, deputy director of Unep's early warning division, said that the atlas - presented in Johannesburg at the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment - was intended to show where and why action needed to be taken. “What we are really trying to do is to make people aware of the extent and rate and the enormity of changes taking place,” she said. “We are trying to make policy and decision-makers realise they can take decisions that will stanch this degradation.”
The biggest factor contributing to the changes, she said, was the rise in Africa's population to 965 million.
From 2000-05 the population rose 2.32 per cent each year compared with the global average of 1.24 per cent, and 20 of the fastest growing countries around the world in terms of population are located in Africa. This has meant the area of land available for each individual has fallen from 13.5 hectares in 1950 to 3 today and is forecast to fall to just 1.5 hectares by 2050.
Ms Cheatle said: “Where we've got problems at the moment, they are likely to get worse with climate change.”
Deforestation was a key concern in 35 African nations, most notably the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi and Rwanda. About four million hectares (15,500 sq miles) of forest is lost in Africa a year. Biodiversity loss was highlighted in 34 countries and land degradation from erosion - up to 50 tonnes of soil are lost per hectare - was a “major worry” for Ghana, Cameroon and 30 other nations. In the Rwenzori mountains, Uganda, glaciers shrank by half between 1987 and 2003. Monika MacDevett, of Unep's world conservation monitoring centre, said: “If we carry on business as usual, we'll destroy our planet.”
Achim Steiner, a senior UN official, said there were many examples of how action has been taken to restore the environment and he said those projects should act as beacons. But he said the outlook for many areas and the people who live there remain poor unless remedial work is undertaken.
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The Earth, as well as everything else in the Universe, is in a constant state of change. First, I'm betting not all of the changes outlined are caused by man. Second, who's to say the changes are all bad. As resources disappear from one part of the Earth, they reappear elsewhere. Seems normal.
Jeff, Chicago, US
Natural systems, when they do get out of control, are generally brought back into line by self-limiting feedbacks. Nature will take care of things despite our efforts to make her do otherwise...
Andrew Cooper, Teesside, UK
The glaciers on Kilimanjaro have been decreasing for 15,000 years. Must be due to Neanderthal SUVs.
Patrick Henry, Bristol,
It's all the fault of consumers in the West, probably.
David Leslie, Perth, Scotland
I am sure that population control is the hardest of nuts to crack for any government , and China ought to be congratulated for having done this. Contrast that with India , where there is no control , and no political will to control. 90% of the problems with india originate in its ovrpopulation.
Bhaskar Gollapudi, London, UK
Don't worry - Our UK Labour Govt will charge us all (in the UK) with a super duper new Green tax and the whole world will be saved! Super Gordon, how about doubling Tax on fuel, that will work. Why didn't every town plant 2,000 trees each for the millenium, instead of the rubbish they built, etc.
Mark, Reading, UK
have you thought that sterilization will mean that a whole generation and possibly 2 or more will be wiped out and only old people will exist. Which is even more of depressing future. What are yougoing to do when all the 60 year olds want to retire.maybe china have the answer.
Emma, Bridgend, united Kingdom
If we carry on business as usual, we'll destroy our planet.
It looks like we are all too late , it has happened already.
Mrs Maggie Snook, Wareham, Dorset UK
@Bill in the US and Jim Wills in Australia,
since you diagnosed the problem so well, I suggest you begin by volunteering yourself to get sterilized first...it might set a convincing example?
walt, Lowersaxony, Germany
It is not entirely to do with population growth but more to do with mis-management and political corruption which allows loggers and the big boys to snatch and grab. China is the culprit at the moment, but there have been many bad colonials before. Africa seems like a continent for endless pillage.
Colin, Cambridge, UK
In my opinion, sterilization might help but how do we enforce this?
Government policies on birth control should be enforced whereby a must not be allowed to have more than two children especially in Africa and Asia.
Peter Shonukan, Lagos Nigeria
Peter Shonukan, Lagos, Nigeria
Conventional warfare doesn't help at all. Birth rates just rise; even WW1 was more than compensated for in a couple of decades.
It's ironic that, in spite of our vaunted intelligence, homo sapiens can't organize itself well enough to avoid breeding itself to extinction.
Tom Welsh, Basingstoke,
Shocking! We work with conservationists who blog about progress and challenges in projects across the continent. To follow the fate of gorillas in threatened forests or lions in he Masai Mara, and to learn about the lives of conservationists a the front lines, go to http://wildlifedirect.org
Paula Kahumbu, Nairobi, Kenya
Shocking! We work with conservationists who blog about progress and challenges in projects across the continent. To follow the fate of gorillas in threatened forests or lions in he Masai Mara, and to learn about the lives of conservationists at the front lines, go to http://wildlifedirect.org
Paula Kahumbu, Nairobi, Kenya
The major issue behind most of the global problems we come across these days is Popluation Growth. Unless something is done to reduce this then the human race will slowly destroy itself over a period of time. How about the rest of the world adopting the Chinese approach to population control?
Paul Watson, Choley, England
Colonialism didn't help either !!!!
ian payne, walsall,
We should have more conventional warfare. Dying in battle is the most honourable way to die. Unfortunately, modern warfare tends to be incredibly destructive to the environment, even conventional warfare. Perhaps the question is how we can make modern warfare more sustainable and eco-friendly? ;)
Joris, Den Haag, Netherlands
For years i have said the mankind is breeding itself
out of existence.
And for years I feel that I have been yelling into the
wind.
There is a partial answer and that is for all countries
to impose a very large tax on large breeders. To a point
no one will want to churn out children.
Jerry Scroggin, Phoenix, Arizona/USA
The only way to save mankind is to force steriliztion. The USA and the rest of the world is too greedy to want to do this, then there are the right to life nuts. There is no hope, we will destroy our planet, the only one we have.
Bill, Stuart, US
OK!. So we have the evidence that population is the problem in this case. What are the governments of the world going to do about it?. Noting I guess but talk. A good start would be to reduce the population growth by sterilization programs there and in every other country on the planet.
Jim Wills, Brisbane, Australia