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Read The Times's exclusive interview with Gordon Brown
Gordon Brown finally signed Britain up to the European Union's new constitutional treaty this afternoon - arriving in Lisbon four hours after the official signing ceremony attended by every other European Union leader.
The Prime Minister put his name to the EU reform treaty alone, behind closed doors, after choosing to stay in London during the official signing to attend a question-and-answer session with a House of Commons committee.
The Conservatives said that the move, which left Britain as the only country out of 27 EU members not represented by a head of state or government, showed a "sulky rudeness" to EU leaders which would lose Mr Brown influence on the Continent. The ceremony was attended instead by David Miliband, who signed the treaty with an empty chair beside him.
William Hague, the Shadow Foreign Secretary, said that the the Tories would continue to press for a referendum on the document, which he said was effectively the same European constitution dumped after its rejection by French and Dutch voters.
After Mr Brown finally arrived in the Portuguese capital at 3pm, the Treaty of Lisbon was brought to him to sign on his own before a Portuguese TV camera at around 3.30pm. The plush official signing ceremony, at the city's Jeronimos Monastery, had started at 11am before the leaders trooped up one by one, accompanied by their foreign ministers, to sign the treaty.
By the time Mr Brown arrived many of the other leaders, including Angela Merkel, the German Chancellor, and Romano Prodi, the Italian Prime Minister, had already left after the midday ceremony and subsequent lunch.
During the ceremony, Mr Miliband was the only Foreign Minister to go up on stage without his leader by his side - leaving him forced to shake hands with an EU employee nearby after putting pen to paper.
"Miliband's problem was that he came down on his own and didn't actually have anyone to shake hands with," said Ben Macintyre, the Times correspondent at the ceremony.
"With the stage empty after he signed, the only person whose hand he could find to shake was the European attendant who carries all the books and paperwork. The chap looked utterly bemused."
The Prime Minister was quizzed about his non-attendance this morning while giving evidence to the House of Commons Liaison Committee, which he had chosen as an alternative to being in Lisbon.
Questioned by Edward Leigh, a Conservative Eurosceptic who chairs the Public Accounts Committee, on why he did not go, Mr Brown brushed aside the issue, saying: "I have got the advantage of being able to do both. You, I gather, will not wish to join me."
EU leaders say that the reform treaty is vital to streamline the bloc's workings following its enlargement to 27 members, but the Conservatives insist that it is a near-replica of the European Constitution on which Mr Brown's predecessor, Tony Blair, had promised Britain a referendum.
The reform treaty creates a permanent EU President and a High Representative for foreign affairs, as well as a legal personality for the EU, allowing it to sign international treaties.
"Gordon Brown has left Britain with the worst of all worlds today," Mr Hague said. "With a stroke of a pen he has signed away a swathe of powers to the EU, but his sulky rudeness to our European partners means that he has actually managed to lose influence in Brussels.
"This latest blunder is another sign that Gordon Brown is struggling to cope as Prime Minister." The question he will now face day in, day out is what democratic right he has to agree to the renamed EU Constitution without letting the British people have their say."
Mr Brown, however, sought to move on from the controversy today by telling The Times that Britain was hugely influential in Europe. He said that the recent White Paper, Global Europe, would provide a major input into a European globalisation declaration tomorrow.
He added that European leaders in the future would focus on "economics, security, trade, economic reform, climate change, and not on institutional debate".
After signing the Treaty, Mr Brown left the museum to attend private talks with Portuguese Prime Minister Jose Socrates, the current EU President, ahead of tomorrow’s Brussels summit.

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The event reads to me as if your leader sneaked over and personally committed the British nation to loss of sovereignty, after having promised to solicit its views?
If I'm right in my assumption, is there anything you can do to become "British" again? Or at least to get the binding (?) referendum you were apparently promised?
Does anyone over there in the UK actually care?
John Hunter, Invercargill, New Zealand
the fife cyclopse has done it now so out of touch worse than tony losing on every field can't wait for cameron to brush him aside and send him home to think again p.s iam scottish and hate this buffoon who stole billions from pensioners whilst backing pay and pension rises for his ilk.
drew, scotland,
David Kettering and JT, Austin USA, displaying the typical ignorance of Americans still seem to think that the Royal family get paid by us, THEY DON'T, they live off their own riches now and are no longer receiving any income from the British public, and JT it's POUNDS not dollars.....
As for you Belgian know-it-all's, Britain, along with France and Germany is the biggest contributor to EU funds so we will come and go as we please thank you very much. Gordon had business to attend to in Parliament, the UK's SOVEREIGN ELECTED BODY, attending to his job rather than running off to Lisbon to sign a treaty that will make your teeny tiny little country feel more important than it actually is, so stop spitting out your dummy because he was a few hours late, signing a treaty, that, let's be frank, we can discard at our leisure.
J Roberts, Manchester, UK
i think PM Brown have taken one of the most inspiring and historical step in UK history, i fully back him, actually i was sceptical about him till yesterday when he signed the EU document, people of England got to be proud of the MP, EU is the future and Brown is helping uk catch up with the future.
lucius, stratford,
To those British morons who talk of the EU as "unelected foreigners" I would remind them that in our domestic General Elections Governments are elected on only 30 per cent of the popular vote. Perhaps they can explain how democratic that is.
Neil, Gloucestershire, England
Despite the fact that some Britons, and our politicians (some of whom rudely stay away from important EU meetings) try to pretend that this country is not part of Europe we ARE, and our politicians have been interfering and meddling in European politics for hundreds of years. The EU is a great benefit to the UK, and it has brought us closer to all our European neighbours. To Francisco Morales I would say that most Britons embrace the EU and welcome our participation in Europe, but a very vocal minority try to rubbish everything the EU does. Long Live the EU.
Neil, Gloucestershire, England
Are there any protests or rallys being lined up? I want to express my utter disgust at this treaty, this government and basically everything that MY country has become.
"It was curious to think that the sky was the same for everybody, in Eurasia or Eastasia as well as here. And the people under the sky were also very much the same--everywhere, all over the world, hundreds or thousands of millions of people just like this, people ignorant of one another's existence, held apart by walls of hatred and lies, and yet almost exactly the same--people who had never learned to think but were storing up in their hearts and bellies and muscles the power that would one day overturn the world."
- George Orwell, 1984, Book 1, Chapter 10
Jonny, London, UK
It is clear to me that Britain is not an European country.
Francisco Morales, Granada, Spain
The treaty is vital to ensure coherence of EU institutions because working with 27 countries is different than working with 12 countries. Better, faster, that's what this is all about. Foreign policy must also be homogeneous in order to play a huge role in the world. Mr. Brown knows UK can achieve its goals with EU so why would he be the only one to block the treaty ?
Jean-Michel Hubert, Brussels, Belgium
Europe has brought advantages to the UK. The UK has influenced Brussels much much more than people in the UK would recognise. If the UK do not want some of the "burdens" of the EU then it should not have the advantages. You do not want the treaty? you do not want the EU? then go away. leave the EU. leave us alone. We can live withour your opt-in's and opt-out's.
Regards,
Mark, Bruxelles, Belgium
I cannot understand why the Prime Minister is so anxious to sign away all our historic and hard won independence to one of the most financially corrupt organisations in the world whose sole purpose is to promote the interests of certain states, has he not learned anything from the past?
Also, how does he hope to feed and house all the migrants from Europe in this tiny over crowded island and still remain true to the spirit of England and its people?
Peter Powell, Leicester,
Gordon Brown does not have the backing of the British Public to sign this document. Britain did not agree to join a European Union, only to trade with Europe. He is scared of having a referendum as he knows the vote will go against him, he should resign now.
Jaycee, York,
Is there an article somewhere which shows what we get and what we lose?
Is a federal state inevitable?
Is the voting one vote for one state ie Luxembourg 1 Germany 1?
Does democracy play any part in this? Are the people representing us at European level going to be voted for separately or is this a private presidents club?
Who have we become?
Phil, Witham,
I fully concur with the above. Sadly I'll just be another to say: I told you so.
SH, Suffolk, England
Does he really think we are that stupid. Others obviously do - I've just watched that prat who got sacked from the Mirror compare the 'treaty' to the England manager job. Unlected foreigners in charge of our matters is definitely not the same as an Italian managering 11 blokes on a pitch. If they had a problem he'd hear them. Not the same for the 500 million in Euroland. I am so angry by Brown's utter contempt for the British people. I hope the rest of his party do the right thing and make sure they keep their promise of a referendum other i for one will riot and fight for our fundermental rights of living in a democratic party!
Michelle, guildford, UK
A nice tidying up of the EU. Excellent.
Don't let a few backward thinking - living 100 years in the past Brits ruin it for the rest of us.
T Cut, West Midlands, UK, EU
Surely this is the greatest act of Treason in British history. With absolutely no support, I fear the result of this.
JohnW, Oldham,
Good luck to you, Britain. You just signed away more of your soveriegnty. By all appearances, the Royal family is a better use of your tax dollars than Parliament. I can't imagine Elizabeth II handing additional power to unelected suits in Brussels.
JT, Austin, TX, USA
An unelected Quisling of a PM signs away his nation's liberties, and most of the people are either too ignorant or too indolent to do anything about it. What a sad time to be British.
Edward Howard, London, United Kingdom
Yes the treaty of Lisbon is a sort of EU constitution, unfortunatley it's just a constitution light. Millions of Europeans would have liked to get a real constitution, but some mixed up domestic politics and EU politics ...
But I hope at least this version will be ratified, by GB too.
And if GB doesn't want to accept this, it would be very kind to exit the EU and not blocking the other 26 countries which want to progress. But still I'm hoping one day EU-sceptics see the chances EU offers, and perhaps even can accept the Charta of Human Rights ...
Stefan, Munich, Germany
This is hardly the major issue everyone seems to be making it. He failed to sign a treaty with other EU leaders because he was performing other duties. It's not like he was playing croquet... The treaty was signed only 4 hours later what real difference does it make? Symbolism? I don't think the ball has really been dropped here and the this rather boring story is being sensationalised.
Paddy, Manchester, England
Will no one rid us of this turbulent priest?
At times like this I truly admire the Irish propensity for standing up to tyranny
Henry II , Fontevraud, Anjou
I agree with most of you that such a thing should have been put in referendum, the UK citizens -conditioned by their euro-skeptic "press"- would have certainly say no and we could then have been able to throw them out of Europe, which is my best wish in front of their constant ambivalence and hypocrisy, being that trojan horse which have always worked against european interests.
Me, none,
He has been late on behalf of all of us - how pathetic.
Time for a new party to have power I think.
alex Watt, london,
Here's a thought from the U.S. - y'all in the UK pay good money, year after year, to support the Royal Family. This endures for many reasons, but one of the best is as an ultimate safeguard against precisely this situation - a elected government gone rogue against its own people.
The Sovreign should earn her pay this year by exercising her reserve powers, specifically, by stating she will withhold the Royal Assent to the EU Treaty, until and unless the matter is put to referendum. If Brown remains pigheaded, the Queen should exercise her last option - and dismiss him.
Its extreme, but about 140 years ago, Abraham Lincoln took similar steps under his extraordinary powers to suspend habeas corpus, and nullified a Supreme Court decision to reestablish the same. Without those actions, the US would split asunder over a century ago - with fairly significant consequences for the world at large.
David Kettering, New York, New York
What an absolute disgrace, what else can you say, never in the history of the United Kingdom have the people been treated with such absolute contempt.
Ajer, Reading, UK
Turning up late to sign the Treaty ? A poor attempt to show how insignificant this matter is for Britain.
Will the electorate turn up at all to vote for this dinosaur at the next General Election ?
David, marlborough, Wiltshire
He is an unelected leader going against the mandate on which his party was elected. We should get our own house in order before we lecture other countries on the benefits of democracy.
RW, London, UK
So many are accusing this man of being a traitor that one must start believing there is no smoke without fire. I think the British Constitution and way we run the Government needs modifying. A man like this has too much power. He rides roughshod over what the people want. I have 40,000 polls showing 98% against this treaty.
Mr Brown and the week kneed MP,s are stoking up a head of steam that will blow one day. I have never seen language like is being used. What is he trying to do spark a revolution and turn this country into a charnel house.
John, Aldershot, UK
The Treaty of Lisbon is nothing but an EU constitution in sheeps clothing. The PM should have had the courage to put it to the people via a referundum, or perhaps an election.
Mark, Chicago, IL
Another Labour betrayal. The government ministers need to go back to school to be reminded what 'Transparency', 'Integrity' Honesty' and 'Morals' means. Let's hope the electorate remember at the next general election.
R.Allely, Cardiff, Wales
Long live the UK
R.I.P
Maybe to save the monarchy the royal family should consider moving to either NZ, Australia or Canada; if there's still time?
richard irwin, Bristol, UK
Next time, Prime Minister, don't bother to go. Heck, if we Europeans have our way, there won't be a next time for you Brits. Brits out! Long live the British Empire! Long live the Anglosphere!
Shirley Jackson, Warsaw, Zagreb, Brussels, European Union
What a disaster! Socialism for all, hurrah! (NOT!)
N Chalk, Devon, UK