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Supermarkets, airlines, carmakers and property developers fear that they will bear the brunt of a series of green measures to be announced in Alistair Darling’s first Budget next week.
The Chancellor is believed to be drawing up a range of proposals to make good his commitment to tackle climate change.
In addition to tax incentives to encourage the use of low-emission vehicles, industry is also anticipating new aviation taxes and green rules covering the sale of commercial property.
As retailers prepared for the Budget to feature a warning about the proliferation of free plastic bags, Asda became the first of the leading supermarkets to announce action yesterday to reduce the number given away in its stores. Asda said last night that it would be introducing a “bag on request” initiative across Britain from June 1. Trials showed that stores cut the number of plastic bags handed out by 20 per cent if shoppers were forced to ask for one.
Andy Clarke, retail director, said: “We believe this is the best way to encourage shoppers to change the habit of a lifetime and start reusing their bags instead.”
Ministers warned retail chiefs last week that a new plastic bag tax would be imposed unless the shops took radical action.
High street chains had agreed to slash the use of plastic bags by 25 per cent by the end of 2008, but the number has only fallen by 14 per cent to 12.4 billion.
In the past week alone Marks & Spencer has announced a 5p plastic bag charge in its food halls and B&Q said yesterday that it would be charging for single-use carrier bags in its 320 stores.
Tesco, Britain’s biggest retailer, has remained defiant and insisted that it has no plans to charge for bags despite intense pressure for it to lead by example.
Mr Darling, who used early speeches to describe climate change as the greatest threat to the planet, is also tipped widely to confirm that he will change aviation taxes to encourage more environmentally friendly flying. The commercial property industry is also likely to be hit with regulations that will force owners to provide energy performance certificates (EPCs) when they try to sell or let a building.
The Government has insisted that the cost of the certificates, which monitor the energy efficiency of buildings, will cost from a few hundred pounds for a small building to about £12,000 for a large shopping centre. Property agents believe the cost could be up to five times greater.
The Chancellor said last year that he was considering scrapping air passenger duty (APD), which is levied on anyone who takes a flight in Britain, in favour of a single tax per flight. Airlines would be taxed a fixed amount no matter how many passengers they carried, which would encourage them to operate fuller flights. The move would also close a loophole that allows cargo flights and private jets to avoid paying taxes.
Aviation sources said that Mr Darling may go even farther and announce his intention to calculate the tax per flight, based on emissions created by each aircraft. This would provide airlines with a financial incentive to retire dirty, old aircraft in favour of new ones, which are usually between 15 and 25 per cent more fuel efficient.
The Government hopes that by changing the taxes on flying its revenue from aviation will increase by 25 per cent to £2.5 billion and at the same time reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
Goldman Sachs said yesterday that the move to replace APD with an emissions tax would benefit airlines such as easyJet, which tend to operate fuller flights and are buying latest-generation aircraft. The bank said: “This seems a fairer system and it discourages empty flights and also aligns taxes and emissions much more precisely.”
A plastic bag tax has been in force in the Irish Republic for the past six years. Plastic bag use has fallen by 90 per cent and there is less bag litter. Almost £60 million has been raised since the levy was introduced.
Campaigners said the scheme was a “win-win situation” because revenue raised from the “plas tax” is used for environmental projects and clean-ups.
China plans to stop shops from offering free plastic bags from June 1 and Bangladesh has already banned polythene bags.

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Better to not through away so much rubbish as well then, so that we don't have to use as many bin liners! If we recycled properly and weren't such a nation of "wasters" (excuse the pun), we wouldn't have to buy more bin bags. It is the manufacturing of the bags themselves which is no environmentally unfriendly, not just the aftermath of the plastic itself.....
Johanna, Stowupland, Suffolk
Whatever happened to the cardboard boxes we used to use in supermarkets to carry our goods home in? They were always available at the cashouts and they were and are recyclable!
Brian Inglis, Bristol,
My politicians leave me with a mixture of frustration and bitterness.
I am becoming more and more distant from these people.
I feel that no one is listening to me.
Leo, Birmingham, England
Biodegradable bags give of methane if they end up in landfill so they are not the answer. Paper bags need alot more energy and water to manufacture and transport so they are not the answer either. Plastic bags are a littering nightmare and make a considerable contribution to the plastics polluting our seas. None of these bags are necessary if only we confronted our 'disposable' lifestyles and got back into the habit of owning a shopping bag.
rosie Dorey, guernsey, channel islands
I shop at Tesco and re-use any plastic bags I may have, but more commonly take a cloth bag. Tesco credit me with "Green Clubcard points" for each bag I save them. I suggest that those bags that they do issue should be replaced with strong brown paper bags.
John Howard Norfolk, Tiverton, Devon, UK
Call me a cynic, but I believe that the budget will be all about using 'green' principles to raise taxes more than they would otherwise get away with.
In the same way that they use the 'terrorist threat' as an excuse to restrict freedoms.
Mike Pouilsen, Reading, Berkshire
Re: Kay Tie - York
Since the plastic bag is an advert, it has to be in pure colours - normally white - for printing. This means that the bag has to be made from high-grade feed-stock with lots of titanium oxide for whiteness.
Bin bags are black or dark-green - and the colour is irrelevant anyway - and so can use lower-grade recycled feed-stock where the colours are mixed.
da, Chambery , France
Fully bio-degradable bags ARE ALREADY available, but the supermarkets don't want to pay extra!!
Tax non bio bags a little and they might. It then becomes a win win situation. I have looked into this a lot and you can get good info on bio products here: http://www.stanelcoplc.com/bioplastic-faq.html
Geoff, Colchester,
This is just more of same from the government. Never any major investment e.g. improvements to our decrepit public transport system, just tax hikes.
There should be a tax on voting labour because these buffoons are both bad for the environment and bad for our pockets.
A Harris, Kettering, UK
Aviation tax increases will hit the holiday makers and families yet again. In many cases it already costs more in taxes than it does for the flights to leave the UK on a short haul. But strangely you don't pay very much on for on flights booked from Europe to UK
Yet another rip-off by this damn government.
Businesses, holiday makers and ex-pats are already being hit hard by the weak pound resulting from Brown's mishandling of the economy causing the money markets to lose confidence in the pound.
At todays tourist exhange rate it will cost over eighty pence to buy a euro. Last year a euro cosy sixty pence!
Need a holiday after working hard all year to swell the taxmans coffers? Relax in the sun? Forget it.
Dek Crossingham, Birmingham, England
In 1994 when I visited to Shanghai , all shoppers provides palastic bags and no shoppers provides paper bags .I cannot believe that the unecological country plans to stop shops from offering free plastic bags .
Haru, Tokyo, Japan
People will end up buying more bin bags instead. The only solution is to have bio-degradable bags - its a win win solution for everyone.
Martin, London,
Rest assured that the only considerations that will be behind such proposals as those described here will be to increase the tax take. This is no more than spin by a government which has poured untold billions of our cash and billions more in borrowings into public services for no discernible return and in rescuing an insolvent bank for the sole reason that its likely collapse threatened one of its key electoral assets.
figurewizard, Hampshire, UK
I think that Tesco should outdo the M&S initiative of charging 5p per carrier bag by only charging 2p per bag which is not too much to deter shoppers and use the 2p to subsidise buying biodegradable bags from the likes of Stanelco or other biodegradable bag manufacturers. That way, shoppers will easily foot the cost of the change, Tesco will appear green and not pay more for their bags, and overall less bags will be used as people become more conscious of how many bags they need to pay for. Even 10 bags for shopping would cost just 20p. The bags should have a highly visible biodegradable in x length of time label across them so people know which type of bag they are getting and how they can safely dispose of them. They can even compost them in their own gardens.
Paul, Bristol, England
"A plastic bag tax has been in force in Ireland for the past six years. Plastic bag use has been cut by 90 per cent and cleared up bag litter."
Yes, and the use of plastic bin liners shot up by 80% because most people re-use shopping bags as bin liners. The words "unintended consequences" will be the epitaph on the gravestone of this Government.
Kay Tie, York,