Angus Macleod, Scottish Political Editor
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Gordon Brown is facing another crucial by-election in his Scottish political backyard following the death of John MacDougall, the Labour MP for Glenrothes.
Mr MacDougall, an MP since 2001, died last night after a long battle against mesothelioma, an incurable cancer of the lungs, aged 60. He held a majority over the SNP at the last election of 11,000.
That would be enough for Labour to hold the seat in normal circumstances. However, following the Glasgow East by-election last month, when a swing of 22 per cent brought the SNP the seat, Glenrothes is vulnerable as the Nationalists need only a swing of 17 per cent this time.
What gives the prospect of a by-election in the seat extra piquancy is that it is close to Gordon Brown's own seat of Kirkcaldy and also close to where he has his constituency home.
The buoyant SNP won the seat at last year's Scottish Parliament elections and will expect to add to their Glasgow East triumph by adding another seat at Westminster.
Losing to the Nationalists for the second time in months would serve to undermine the Prime Minister's expected political fightback in the autumn and raise more questions about his own political future.
Labour will be desperate to hold on for another reason. The party elects its new Scottish leader on September 13 and will not want another by-election loss in Scotland to immediately undermine whichever candidate takes over.
Mr Brown was among the first to pay tribute to Mr MacDougall. In a statement, he said: "John MacDougall gave more than thirty years of distinguished public service to Fife as a councillor, leader of the Fife council, convenor of Fife council and then Member of Parliament for Central Fife and he will be remembered as a true servant of the people.
"Over three decades he has been a good personal friend of mine and I visited him on Monday.
"Our heartfelt condolences go to his widow, Cathy, to his son and daughter, Scott and Julie and to his mother and sister."
Mr MacDougall, a married father-of-two, was a patient at the Victoria Hospital, in Kirkcaldy, where he was visited by Mr Brown on Monday.
He started work at the RGC oil rig construction yard at Methil, before union activism led him into politics. The former boilermaker led Fife Council for nine years before taking over the then Central Fife Westminster seat, held by Henry McLeish, who became Scottish First Minister.

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Brown might as well save himself the pain of this by election and hold the general election now, either way, the labour party's time is up. It's now time for the right party to take the reins of government and put the country to rights.
We can't afford to keep these also rans in power any longer.
Brian Griffiths, Bethesda, Gwynedd
It seems the Scots now have the English disease. They, like most English people, can't see past the shiny new promises, glib patter, smugness + lack of policies that Salmond + Cameron have in spades.
No doubt the SNP will win but what have they done in the last year. Nowt. Just like the Tories.
A Thomas, Lanchester,
Sympathies to his family.
Is there no option for a MP to retire on ill health grounds and be paid an ill health pension?
Would it not be better for all concerned if the MP retired on health grounds and a fit and healthy MP took over. The family would then have as much time as possible together
Tim, Sherborne, England
A more appropriate headline would read " Brown faces another by-election defeat"!!
I dread to think what brainless plans he is concocting for his autumn relaunch.
A.Williams, Cradley Heath,
This by-election should cement ZaNu Labour's demise. Of course, it won't deter Gordon hanging on until 2010.
Omar, Harrow, England
A tragedy is unfolding.
Foolish Scottish voters are electing nationalist candidates to humiliate a bankrupt (and bankrupting) socialist government.
The chosen cure might just be worse than the disease, bad as it is.
Albert, Paris,
Sympathies to Mr MacDougall's family and friends.
Can anyone remind me what the time limits are for by-elections are? What is the shortest and longest time allowable once the seat has become vacant?
Arundel, South Coast, UK
Goodbye Gordon and Co .......!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ian payne, walsall,
Condolences to Mr MacDougall's family.
I sincerely hope it will be condolences to NuLabour as well after the by-election. They need another reminder that we want an election and want them gone: I hope they lose and lose badly.
Donna Walker, Effingham, England
Another opportunity to demonstrate to 'Nu Labour' that the Electorate, demand to be represented, and that we ALL, want a Referendum on this absurd EUROFIASCO.
One wonders what inducements have been offered that makes them decide to be Corporate Lackeys instead of Public Servants!
Clive Burghard , Lancing, ENGLAND
Don't kid yourselves, these by-election results aren't a protest against Brown himself. They are a protest by men (and reasonable women) against the feminist bigotry of this Labour party. Men would like the right to employment and to look after their family thanks!
Simon, York, England
Perhaps Labour will wake up and smell the mood in the country. We want a general election not a by election.
roy race, bratislava,
i wonder if Bruin will break with tradition and visit the constituency or wil he perchance bottle it?
peter c, devizes, wessex
Condolences to Mr MacDougall's family and it's not the ideal circumstance in which to send another warning to Labour.
But I hope they get their backsides kicked!
Darren Ward, Manchester, UK
RIP Mr MacDougall
Phill, The Wirral, England
I really hope they lose this by-election - by a huge margin - and the end of Nu Labour will continue.
michael clarke, High Wycombe, UK
Hopefully the scots will see this as another opportunity to send a message to the abysmal NuLabour rabble.
antony Graham, southport, England
Let's hope Zanu Nu Labour get another thrashing and Brown might just realise a general election wipeout is inevitable sooner rather than later..
Steve , Coleshill, U.K.