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In 1999 Tony Blair told the Labour Conference: “If we are in politics for one thing, it is to make sure that all children are given the best chance in life.”
A decade on, the Government has had to admit that billions of pounds of investment in nurseries and schools and on training has failed to bridge the class divide, and that social mobility in Britain has stalled.
Yesterday ministers from various departments put forward measures to try to get it moving again. From schemes to help poor mothers, through offers to help teachers stay in the schools where they are most needed, to the creation of more apprenticeships, the Government described the White Paper as its “agenda for capturing the jobs of the future and investing in families, communities and citizens throughout their lives to help them get on and ahead”.
In the most controversial move, discrimination on the ground of class could be made illegal, just as it is with race and sex, and public services would be ordered to fight “the persistent inequality of social class”. That was immediately dismissed by critics as meaningless.
Pregnant teenagers and mothers living in the most deprived areas will be allocated a family nurse to help them through the first two years of their child’s life. Free nursery care will also be extended to more two-year-olds from poor backgrounds.
Gordon Brown, who has promised a social mobility “crusade”, avoided mentioning Labour’s poor record when he presented the New Opportunities White Paper. Instead, the Prime Minister said that the policy initiatives would mean that Britain was better placed to take advantage of the economic upturn, when it came.
“We want to prepare the UK to grasp new opportunities in the global economy and enable every individual to realise their potential, whatever their background,” he said.
Ed Balls, the Education Secretary, came closer to admitting the problem. “No child should be held back by their background, so we will now do more to break the link between disadvantage and achievement,” he said.
But it is widely accepted that social mobility has ground to a halt in recent decades. The key study alerting ministers to the problem was published in 2005 by the Sutton Trust. It found a significant decline in upward mobility between those born in 1958 and those born in 1970. The study focused on income mobility and concluded that people born in 1970 were far more likely to earn the same as their parents than those born 12 years earlier.
The Sutton Trust attributed this not just to a persistent class divide, but to the growing income inequality of the 1980s and the vast expansion of higher education, which was monopolised by the middle classes. Both trends continued into the new millennium.
Between the early 1980s and the late 1990s the proportion of poorer children who graduated from university rose by 3 per cent, compared with 26 per cent from wealthier families.
Also the huge expansion of managerial and professional jobs in the postwar era tailed off in the 1970s, which meant there was less room at the top.
And the decline of manufacturing in the 1980s meant that the shop floor-to-boardroom route to success went into decline. In the financial services industry that largely replaced it, it is less likely that a receptionist ends up as a high-earning trader.
Recent research has indicated that all the billions spent on schools may have little impact on improving poorer children’s prospects. It found that middle-class children are far ahead even before they arrive at school, thanks to music, ballet and language lessons.
Poor children have fallen behind in cognitive skills and vocabulary by the age of 3, making it almost impossible for schools to help to them catch up.
A report last year by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development found that in the UK children struggle to escape the income levels of their parents more than in almost any other country in the group. “There is less social mobility in the UK than in Australia, Canada and Denmark,” it said. “What your parents earned when you were a child has much more effect on your own earnings than in more mobile countries.”
Ministers are pinning their hopes on one study that suggests that their record investment may be bearing fruit. Data provided by Bristol University, the London School of Economics and the Institute of Fiscal Studies for a government report last autumn indicated that children’s academic achievement, measured by the number of GCSEs they pass, is becoming less dependent on their family’s wealth.
But the Sutton Trust, while welcoming the measures outlined yesterday, said Mr Brown would have to be far more radical in his reforms if he wanted to improve the life chances of every child. It wants private shools to be opened up to all.
“The aspiration of making every school a good school is, of course, right, but there also need to be more moves to open up the highest-performing schools as powerful engines of mobility, leading to top-ranked universities and prestigious professions,” said Lee Elliot Major, research director at the trust. Such a move would require an admissions shake-up including ballots and means-tested fees, he said.
Key measures
Early years
- £57 million to extend free childcare for disadvantaged two-year-olds
- All vulnerable pregnant mothers to have access to a dedicated family nurse
Schools
- £10,000 “golden handcuffs” to keep the best teachers in the schools that need them most
Transition to work
- 35,000 new apprenticeship places
- New guarantee for young people with high potential but from low-income
backgrounds to get help to get to university
Getting on in work
- A panel to identify and remove the barriers that prevent fair access to professional jobs
Supporting families £500 back-to-work training entitlement for parents and carers

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Welfare does not cure poverty. The first welfare payment is a relief but it is far easier to take it than get a job with its risks, tax, responsibility, etc. Eventually pride, work ethic, responsibility fades to be replaced with sullen anger, frustration and a dependent mentality.
R Mason, London, UK
I don't think we should pile it all on the government. The government provides the facilities that are necessary for all children to have a successful education but it's also down to parents to ensure that their children work hard outside of school to achieve as high grades as they possibly can.
Federico Tak, Oxford, UK
When Judas said that the alibastar box very precous should have been sold and given toi the poor John said it was not because he loved the poor but because he carried the bag.
Socialism neither serves God or the poor but seeks only to hold the purse strings,(See marx)
G Blezard, London, uk
The class-ism laws sound fun. I'm Dave from Slough, shaved head, left school at 17 and went to work in a factory (true) also David from near Eton, chartered accountant and masters graduate (true).
What class am I, m'lud?
Brave New World here we come...though I bet NuLab don't read that, or 1984.
Dave (a.k.a. David), Slough,
Well said Hamad Lone - I agree entirely with your comment! I came from a council flat background but have worked hard (as have my borther and sister) and we have all excelled professionally and finacially in our chosen fields. My parents did not have lots of money but they certainly encouraged us
Lisa, London, UK
This problem could be rectified if University courses where free to disadvantaged students or a graduate rate of income tax was introduced.
Higher education has once again become elitist.
S Mills, Lancaster, Lancashire
Children need to learn to be independently curious and given cognitive skills like analysing, comparing, reasoning and planning. Doing research is only useful if the researcher has a clear objective and plan and the necessary skills. Change the content of education, not subsidiary issues.
Neil, Norwich, UK
A special difference for the 1951 (or so) babies was that many of them had one or both parents who had been in the armed forces which forced a certain amount of class mixing.
Bringing back National Service could again lead to improved social mobility (and alleviate unemployment).
charles , EXETER, U.K.
I have a great idea.
Why not select the poor children on ability and arrange for the brightest to go to schools dedicated to bringing out the best in them - whilst those not so academically gifted can go to schools whose aim is to equip them with the skills to succeed on less technical jobs.
John Wood, Hull, GBR
winifred, tax credits are the problem in themselves the handouts encourage people to stay in low paying jobs, wheras tax cuts would allow people to keep more of the money they earn, hence a big incentive. + why should tax credits be given, when the kid is getting £5k+ in loans and grants?
will, grimsby, uk
Low income working poor have the child's tax credits cut if the child chooses to attend University.Tax credits are paid for attendance at a community college.Result..the poor only have access to an incomplete education.A very effective way to ensure another generation of have-nots.
Winifred Bachmann, Lanarkshire, Scotland
The usual labour nonsense. throwing more money at the wrong strategy will not get different results. The 50's and 60's had discipline in the classroom, which helped everybody. That is one reason why mobility was more likely. Sadly, the same is not true now
dave, glossop,
The middle classes value education and encourage children to learn & aspire. The child grows up in an environment in which intellectual achievement is prized. It has little to do with cash. If Labour thinks its all about handouts nothing will change save an incr in public debt and benefit culture.
Mark, Berkhamsted,
As an ex-council house kid, who managed to go to Uni and now have a profession. I consider it an insult that Labour Public school types consider that we are so dim as to need a helping hand.
Just provide decent education and we will do the rest, those that don't take advantage don't deserve it.
Howard Leech, Gdansk, Poland
Who in their right mind would want to be socially mobile, upwards, when doing so condemns their children to positive discrimination on the grounds of parental achievement?
Eleanor, south, uk
New Labour did nothing useful to help the poor. Social mobility depends on education and job status. New Labour's policy has been to keep wages so low that the unskilled and semi-skilled workers could never afford to take time off from work to study for better qualifications. It's a vicious circle
Madalena, London, UK
There was no mention of discouraging these people from breeding, only of how they'll be rewarded for irresponsible breeding. This is just more of the same labour policy of sit back, take no responsibility, let the state do it all for you, that has caused the problem in the first place.
Chris, Derby,
New Labour. Free handouts to the lazy and to the feckless. The benefits culture is a blight on our society. Why not reward those struggling on the minimum wage with some tax cuts ? The employed SHOULD be wealthier than the unemployed ?
frank, swindon, uk
The best that can be said of Labour is that they have made no difference in 12 years. The worst is that they have wrecked the country. The country has got to rid itself of this sick party and ensure that it is never again subject to its Orwellian experimentation.
Ubi, Edinburgh, UK
I agree "The key to social mobility is education, and the key to a good education is discipline". Labour has nationalized the state schools and they are run by politics; the independents have to do what parents want. Labour is soon to compel yet more of its failed sex education into state schools.
George, Bolton, England
Social mobility was killed when Grammar Schools were disbanded. They provided FREE, high-quality education to poor, but able, children from modest backgrounds, and the chance of a better future. Unless parents can pay, even the most ambitious children are trapped.
Marion, Budapest, Hungary
The best way forward is quality education for ALL. However, parents also need to be held accountable for the upbringing and values instilled in their offspring. Just throwing money at the "poor" is not the answer.
Hamad Lone, London, England
It's one thing to lift disadvantaged kids out of sink estates and into well paid jobs and quite another to get them to go back afterwards to visit family and friends.
David, Exeter, UK
The key to social mobility is education, and the key to a good education is discipline in class. Discipline in many schools, esp in London, is so bad that learning is almost impossible. At the least those who actually wish to learn should be segregated from the disruptive elements (or vice versa).
Dirk Bruere, Bedford , England
Why can't the school system be streamed. Why can't those under achieving three-year olds be given an extra few hours of tuition each day? Opening up private schools would help a minimal percentage of students. Improving state schools and increasing the number of hours put into schooling might do mre
ag, Kingston, England
If the children of the poor are irretrievably behind at 3 surely it is the adults (parents) that need educating. I have worked in developing coutnries and it is very clear that even the poorest of parents in such countires appreciate the value of education and encourage and support their chidren.
Paul Clarke, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
The elephant in the room is house prices. How can you have social mobility when what you earn is disconnected from how you can live. Today it is about what your parents bought, or when you bought. Not what you do. In this environment social advancement is impossible. But nobody ever talks about it.
Bob Jones, London,
Grammar schools. Best meritocratic route to the top we've ever had.
Ryan, London,