Mark Henderson, Science Editor
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Increasing carbon dioxide emissions could leave species such as coral and sea urchins struggling to survive by the end of the century because they are making the oceans more acidic, research led by British scientists suggests.
The study of how acidification affects marine ecosystems has revealed a striking impact on animal and plant life. The findings, from a team led by Jason Hall-Spencer, of the University of Plymouth, indicate that rising carbon emissions will alter the biodiversity of the seas profoundly, even before the effects of global warming are taken into account.
Greater concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere mean that more of the gas becomes dissolved in seawater, increasing its acidity. This will have good consequences for some species, but be catastrophic for others.
Dr Hall-Spencer's team investigated the likely effects of acidification by studying natural underwater vents off the coast of Italy, where carbon dioxide bubbles up through the sea floor. This makes the water around the vents significantly more acidic than it is in surrounding areas.
The study, published in the journal Nature, shows that certain species are very badly affected by rising acidity. Corals of the Caryophyllia, Cladocora and Balanophyllia varieties, for example, were common in on the sea bed in the region, but absent close to the vents. Sea urchins and sea snails were also affected badly by the high acidity.
Other species, including sea-grass and a type of algae known as Sargassum, thrived as the extra carbon dioxide has a fertilising effect. This extra growth, however, can be damaging to other sea life - Sargassum is an alien invasive species, carried to the region in the ballast of shipping.
The research team is the first to use natural underwater carbon dioxide vents to assess how acidity caused by the gas influences sea life. “Our field studies provide a window on the future of the oceans in a high CO2 world,” Dr Hall-Spencer said.
“We show the dramatic ecological consequences of ocean acidification including the removal of corals, snails and sea urchins and the proliferation of invasive alien algae.
“Our observations verify concerns, based on laboratory experiments and model predictions, that marine food webs will be severely disrupted and major ecological tipping-points are likely if human CO2 emissions continue unabated.”
This appraisal of life in a more acidic ocean was if anything conservative, Dr Hall-Spencer said, because it mimicked future ecosystems only partially.
The acidity around carbon dioxide vents can be reduced by rough conditions, which dilute the water - something that would not happen if the whole ocean was highly acidic.
The researchers also noted that while fish continued to swim through more acidic waters, they avoided breeding or spawning in them. “That isn't a problem at the moment, as they can go elsewhere,” Dr Hall-Spencer said. “But in a more acidic ocean there will be no escape.”
Global warming will also have an independent impact on sea life, by raising ocean temperatures.
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Thats right they do teach surf science (Steve, Torrington, UK,) however plymouth just happens to be one of the leading universities in the uk for marine biology, oh and also where the MBA is based, obviously in that case plymouth has no idea about marine biology.
James, Plymouth, UK
lol tom, lancs, UK, although I wouldnt blame marine biologist for getting on the band wagon for some extra funding, being as the only research the government will ever fund is marine genetics...boo!
James, Plymouth, UK
This is not a study of the effects of global warming, but the effects of ocean acidification. The sea fixes carbon from the atmosphere, and regardless the effect it has on global temperatures, with increasing C02 available you would expect it to fix more thus reducing pH towards becoming acidic.
adam, Plymouth, uk
Its time to start converting humans into bio-fuel.
keith bentham, wigan, uk
'The seas are becoming less alkaline'? That's exactly the same thing, only you're saying it the other way round. Ph 7 is neutral, incidentally.
Robert, Birmingham, UK
The pesky facts...
1. Temp data from 1999 to 2008 does not show cooling
2. The oceans are still taking up CO2, though at a slower rate
3. The rapid addition of CO2 to the atmosphere is lowering ocean pH levels
Michael Searcy, Florida, United States
Wasnt it Europes bright idea recently suggest storing CO under the ocean floor? Wasnt it pressure from the UN that lead us to turn food into fuel? I think its time to tone down the neo-communist enviromental industry and start using sound logic and judgement instead of emotion. No Food for Grants!
William, Atlanta, USA
More alarmism is right. It's nothing but Big Science propaganda. They never tell you how long it will take for the vast oceans to become acidic similar to areas around the vents.
My guess is it would take hundreds of years. Long after oil and coal runs out.
Rich, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
The sea are not getting acidified by the amount of CO2, As the seas are > 7pH then as Co2 is absorbed they become less alkaline.
The seas are still alkaline
Bob Summers, Arnold, England
Oh my God! The ocean is turning into acid!! ...according to the Times.
Jerry, seattle, usa
It seems the Oil company lobby groups have been busy posting today! Unfortunately, I cannot believe that the world's eminent scientists have all decided to join a global conspiracy. BTW. Acidification is caused by increased c02 which also causes warming. Warming alone does not cause acidification.
Ben, London, United Kingdom
This problem is caused by the molten heat under the Earths crust. We are having at this moment in time many earthquakes, and volcanoes erupting. This is what is causing the problems in the sea, and the sea bed.
victor arram, westcliff,
Plymouth University. This is the one that gives degrees in surfing. Right?
Steve, Torrington, UK
The global temperature is cooling according to REAL satellite data, not the loony computer model data paid for by Al Gore, who is invested deeply in Carbon Credits, if you didn't yet know it. Our ski resorts are getting 6 inches of new snow, on top of 120 ...yup,
global snowboarding is here!
franklin cheney, Portland, US
Your report on my imminent death is premature. I have been sloshing around your basins for 4 B years. I cover 71% of the planet . Since the last ice age I have lifted myself by 120 metres and scared the tribes of Noah to the higher ground.
My CO2 feeds your life, yet your mouth is wide open.
Francis T. Manns, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
oh look even the marine biologists are trying to seek a bit more funding on this global-warming-bandwagon
tom, lancs, UK
Please stop the senseless environmental alarmism... was not long ago that every thing was blamed on "El Nino" and Africa was going to be wiped out by AIDS.
KOJINATOR, provo, US
It is a fact that World temperature have been getting cooler for the last 10 years and are set to continue with this trend for the next 10.
However with so many earning a fat living from claiming the opposite and also being a licence for politicians to tax us, it stands little chance of being heard
Phil Bailey, shrewsbury, UK
Previously the 'experts' told us that the sea was not only absorbing less CO2, it was in fact releasing it into the atmosphere. So is there more, or less, CO2 in the sea, because you can't have it both ways, not even to support the spurious arguments about global warming?
David Leslie, Perth, Scotland
Then look up a report by BBC's Roger Harrabin in October 2007 ("Oceans are 'soaking up less CO2'") which says the oceans are absorbing less CO2 but still contributing to GW. So it's heads: catastrophe and tails: catastrophe. Welcome to the Zen of Global Warming!
Alex Cull, London, UK
So now we are being blamed for something that has obviously been going on for millions of years. Sorry folks but I refuse to take the blame for this one. It's rubbish such as this that makes folks doubt the real issues of what might, and I say 'might' be the cause global warming.
Roz, Barnsley, South Yorkshire
global warming ? what the heck is that? fantasy you say? yep!
s allard, portsmouth, usa
Thank the gods that we live in a world free of hyperbole and research conclusions based upon work that is obviously short of all the facts.
It never ceases to amaze me the arogance of man when he thinks he can predict the future of a 4,000,000 year old entity on the basis of a 5 minute study.
Phil Austin, RAUNDS, England
Pretty sick of the Times to turn a scientists study of how CO2 vents cause problem and therefore C02 COULD cause problem IF it rose - into a headline that "Global warming (IS) turning sea into acid bath".
Steve Bush, Cirencester, UK
Yet someone marine life survived the Holocene Max and the scores of other times when the earth was much much hotter than today and the ocean was spewing carbon dioxide.
Mick, Berkeley, United States