Mark Henderson, Science Editor
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Swimming with dolphins is promoted as one of the few treatments that can help children with disabilities such as autism. But it should be banned because it is cruel to the animals and dangerous to patients, and there is no evidence that it actually works, a report from a leading conservation group says.
The Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society said that dolphin-assisted therapy (DAT) was “expensive and potentially harmful” and its call to end it has been endorsed by the charity Research Autism. Both say that the techniques exploit vulnerable families and captive animals and have no place in medicine.
The therapy places patients at serious risk of injury from their contact with dolphins, which are wild animals that can be aggressive or harm people inadvertently because of their strength, the society found. They have been known to bite, ram and slap swimmers, to hold them underwater and to engage in sexual activity.
The therapy also exposes people and animals to the risk of infection. Many dolphins carry bacteria that can infect human beings and some are infected with bacteria that cause brucellosis, which causes muscle pain.
DAT raises stress among captive animals and encourages the removal of dolphins from the wild: 28 dolphins have recently been exported from the Solomon Islands to Dubai, reportedly for this purpose.
All this costs the families of ill and disabled people thousands of pounds for therapeutic techniques that have never been found to be effective in proper trials.
Cathy Williamson, the author of the report, said: “Having researched this industry the only recommendation we can make is that there is a total ban on DAT. This therapy involves vulnerable people and also exploits the dolphins, which are forced to interact with people in conditions that are far from suitable for wild animals.
“We know that keeping dolphins in captivity has serious welfare implications for these animals, including a shorter life expectancy than in the wild, and we are saddened that the growing DAT industry is causing more and more animals to be subjected to a life in captivity.”
Richard Mills, of Research Autism, said: “We understand that parents will wish to do anything that might potentially help their child but we would urge people to exercise caution when considering such an undertaking.” The charity’s website gives the treatment three exclamation marks, indicating a therapy with very strong evidence of harmful effects.
Since the 1970s dozens of centres around the world have offered children and adults with a wide range of physical, psychiatric or developmental disabilities the chance to swim with, stroke and feed the marine mammals, usually in captivity but occasionally in the wild, at a typical cost of at least £1,500 for five 40-minute sessions. As there are no centres offering the therapy in Britain, and most are in the US, the cost to British patients can be much greater because of flights and accommodation.
Dozens of British children have travelled to Florida and other foreign providers for treatment, often after local fundraising campaigns. The experience is claimed to improve social interaction, speech, mood, concentration and even movement and motor skills for people with conditions ranging from Down’s syndrome to muscular dystrophy.
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I thinki children suffering from varioius disabilites would enjoy watching these animals bow riding in the break waters of a boat just as ,uch as being with them in a pool. DAT is unnecessary and cruel to Dolphins. These animals are too bright & intelligent to be locked between four white walls.
Vanessa Vanhorn, Dublin, Ireland
There are a range of approaches to helping people with autism: intensive interaction is one proven methodology. This requires people to undertake simple, yet challenging, forms of training. They do not require either 'highly trained therapists' or captive dolphins.
arthur pendragon, Moscow, Russia
Dolphins are the only creatures that human beings capture and house in bare concrete pools. There IS NO proof that this "therapy" is effective and has been proven to stress the dolphins more than they already are by their confinement.
Janet Bray, Maidstone, UK
If I ever had the chance to swimm with a dolphin would jump at it.
So far I have not had the chance.
I see them wild in Wales when sea trout fishing in estuaries, but always at a distance
Nicholas Iles, Oswestry, Shropshire
As the founder of the Cetacean Studies Institute and long-time researcher into the effectiveness of Dolphin-Assisted Therapy (DAT), I feel compelled to comment.
Dolphin-Assisted Therapy is the presence of dolphins as assistants to human therapists who are highly trained and competent therapists, working with families to achieve important outcomes.
The latest "scientific research into the effectiveness of DAT" is, in fact, a review of the research of others. It is a review, not research.
In our many years of studying DAT, visiting facilities, interviewing therapists, patients, family members, trainers, doctors, medical technicians, as well as filming dozens of sessions, collecting patient stories, and operating a small Wellness Program ourselves, we have seen many wonderful results.
Literally thousands of families have had their entire family history changed for the better through the effectiveness of good DAT programs.
DAT can be done well. The WDCS has been misinformed.
Scott Taylor, Coffs Harbour, Australia
Instead of banning (again) something which may have benefit, why not just strictly regulate the prices so that those in it for the money would drop away over time, and leave any more altruistic practitioners a clear field to help others if they can? Aside from inhibiting entrepeneurs, regulating prices would limit the "fashion" and "star" effects, reduce excessive publicity, and de-globalize the dolphin industry. We don´t even know yet if dolphins bred in captivity have the same abilities as wild ones are reputed to have, so it is certainly very short-sighted to allow the build-up of an increasing industry which might end up eradicating non-domesticated dolphins.
Lissa Dells, Malaga, Spain
Why create false encounters in the sea and stress wild dolphins when similar results can be achieved with horses in a safe land-base session?
EAGALA is leading on standard setting for this type of therapeutic work in behavioural and stress / lifestyle related diseases. It costs a lot less too. Before the end of the day we would all benefit from getting a lot closer to nature and 'other than human' beings to gain some new perspectives on the environment we are creating around us.
Liz Morrison , Guildford, Surrey
As usual, animals are always explioted for the so call medical benefit for humans. Let us eat properly, live our lives the way we are supposed to and leave the animals alone. We are created to be in charge of animals not bully them. We really dont deserve any of these beautiful animals of the land, sea and air. There are a lot of people who pretend to love animals but are actually abusing them for their financial gain. One good example is 'whale watching' in Australia where these business crooks not just disturb the whales but also cheat the tourist. Find something else to do!
Virginia, Brisbane, Australia
Dolphins should be left in the wild and experienced in the wild....captivity is cruel and having people shoving, poking and screaming is NOT therapy....
Dolphin Eco-Therapy on the other hand with wild animals gives them the choice...either they want to or they dont. if not thats okay too, after all it is their own free will. For the Love of Dolphins...
Angie Gullan, Ponta do ouro, Mozambique
We are currently at Dolphin Therapy in Florida at the moment which is also a public Dolphin swim facility with Therapy classes part of the day, so the Dolphins would be here anyway for public swims.
We have seen none of the reported incidents and as far as I know the Dolphins are bred here and are well treated.
This is a not for profit organisation and spare funds go to help less fortunate groups.
We and others come back time and again as part of our annual holiday because our children seem to get benefit from the therapy, half of which is done in a classroom, but most of all because our children seems to enjoy it.
Nobody says the dolphins can heal the children it is just a therapy which Dolphin swims are a part of.
We would not do it if we thought the Dolphins were in any distress.
William Sloan, Huddersfield, W Yorks
So: there is no porpoise in swimming with dolphins: what about swimming with elasmobranches? Could there be a ray of hope there??
Edwin, Glasgow,
So there is no porpoise to swimming with dolphins...
Ed, Glasgow,
"It seems rather bizarre that people should have tried a therapy of this sort in the first place. What evidence was EVER cited in favor of dolphin therapy, beyond an essentially magical belief that contact with such beautiful and impressive animals must have healing powers?"
Precisely. Can you imagine a market for warthog assisted therapy (WAT) anytime soon?
Homer, London,
The arrogence of us humans is sickening. We'll use, torture and destroy everyone and everything for our pleasure. We'll eat every creature that walks, crawls, swims or flies. Hey people, they are all Gods creature try a little respect and compassion. We can't keep trading their torture for our joy.
Arly, East Meadow, N.Y. USA
Some commentors are likely to dismiss concern about dolphin assisted therapy because of a failure to take seriously the harm to people or dolphins. I am a marine mammalogist and have studied the validity of dolphin-assisted therapy for many years. The article above is correct in citing the substantial evidence for harm to people.
And, if you tend to reject the notion that this practice is not especially harmful to dolphins, I invite you to please go to the following website and you will see an example of the horrific dolphin drives and wild captures that are behind many of these swim and therapy programs. If you want to know where most of these "therapy dolphins" come from, please see:
actfordolphins.org
Thank you.
Lori Marino, Ph.D.
Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia
Lori Marino, Atlanta, Georgia
Humans are much more beautiful than dolphins; I have found in my time here amongst you that whilst the dolphins have the 2nd largest EQ of 5.1 following that of humans at 7. The most interesting aspect of this relationship is only apparent during Human/dolphin interaction; I guess many humans would find it unbelievable but the dolphins see humans as dolphins that are ill... It's very complicated but we had a similar situation on my planet... eventually following adaptation of our brain waves we were able to understand lower creatures and finally realized a lot more than we were ever hoping for...
ABI, Fair city,
Bill Bailey would be proud of this article :-)
Kate Anderson, Sydney,
It seems rather bizarre that people should have tried a therapy of this sort in the first place. What evidence was EVER cited in favor of dolphin therapy, beyond an essentially magical belief that contact with such beautiful and impressive animals must have healing powers?
D.L. Anderson, Crossett, AR/U.S.A.
Despite my considerable reservations as to the actual medical benefits of this type of therapy, I'm sort of willing to just not worry too much about it.
I'm more genuinely worried about what a bunch of grinches the WDCS are. .. come on it's a few dolphins.
MGB, Carmarthen, Wales