Mark Henderson, Science Editor, in San Francisco
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A bionic eye that can restore sight to the blind should be available commercially within two years, scientists behind the revolutionary technology announced yesterday.
The artificial retina has been cleared by US regulators to begin trials on between 50 and 75 people suffering from two of the most common causes of blindness, opening the way for millions more to benefit from similar implants in the future.
If the research progresses well, a device could be on the market early in 2009 at a likely cost of about £15,000, said Mark Humayun, Professor of Ophthalmology at the Doheny Eye Institute, part of the University of Southern California.
An early version of the prosthetic retina has already been fitted to six patients with retinitis pigmentosa, a degenerative and incurable eye condition that affects 1 in 3,500 people. All have recovered the ability to detect light and motion, and even to make out large letters and to distinguish between objects such as a cup, a knife and a plate.
The second-generation device that is now starting trials should provide even better vision, as it contains 60 light-sensitive electrodes, compared with 16 in the previous model.
More improvements are expected within five to seven years with a 1000-electrode implant that will enable previously blind people to recognise faces, Professor Humayun said.
“The ultimate aim is to allow people recognise faces, and to allow the completely blind to get around on their own,” he told the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference in San Francisco. “The first phase began in 2002, and the results were not what we expected: we thought they would only see light and dark, but they have done far better than that.
“They can differentiate between a cup, a plate and a knife. They can see motion. They can avoid stumbling around into large objects. That is just with 16 electrodes, and we’re now going up to 60. The models suggest 1,000 will be enough for face recognition, and we hope to get there in five to seven years.”
The bionic eye consists of three elements. First, a miniature camera worn in a pair of dark glasses, which transmits images to a radio receiver implanted near the patient’s eye.
This then sends a signal on to a tiny silicon and platinum chip, about 4mm square, that sits on the retina. The chip’s electrodes stimulate the ganglion cells that transmit visual information to the optic nerve and onwards to the brain, which can then construct a visual image.
“A plate is seen as a saucer of light, and a knife as a runway of light,” Professor Humayun said. “It works by building up images like a dot-matrix printer, or pixels on a computer screen.” The implant is suitable for people who are blind because they have lost the photoreceptor cells known as rods and cones that respond to light — the electrodes effectively provide artificial replacements. This includes those with macular degeneration — the most common cause of blindness, which affects up to 15 per cent of over-75s.
The technology cannot restore sight to patients who are blind because of severe optic nerve damage, such as that caused by glaucoma, or because of a stroke.
Professor Humayun said that it would also work better for people who have been able to see as older children or adults, than for those who have been blind since birth.
It generally takes patients a month or two to get used to the Argus device, before their brains learn to interpret the images. While the operation to install it took seven hours originally, it now takes 90 minutes.
In the first phase of the trials, patients were able to use the implant in the laboratory only. For the past year they have also been allowed to try it at home. “Perhaps what we’re most excited about in this next study is we will be able to test the new device with patients at their homes, churches, schools and similar locations,” Professor Humayun said.
The trials will be conducted at five centres in the US, on patients over 50. The US Food and Drug Administration has insisted on older subjects as they have less to lose if the experiments go wrong.
Thousands of people have already volunteered.
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When this device will be lauched so that the blind people can see the world. i have kid who is suffring from ROP 5. like he is blind and i assume he can see a little bit in Right Hand Side.
vijay , Bangalore,
I am interested in the development and progress of this research. My sister had retina detached in one of her eyes in a car accident. She is legally blind and as she ages that very little vision is fast disappearing. If this transplant is available to her we will look into it.
Sunita Kandola , Canberra , Australia
It's nice to know about this revolution !!
It's a precious gift for blind persons!!
let's see ... availability and function of bionic eye in future..
I want one for a blind person of 42 yrs of age.
hope for the best !!
Sapna Gupta, Lucknow, India
I suffer from very high miopy, wich at my 33 years old (4 years ago) resulted in progressive loss of rethin cells and consequent very low vision nowadays with no correction via glasses or operation.
I'm very excited with these news, anyways, I guess that I will just (eventually) recover my previous vision with very advanced and microscopic cameras that may take 15-20 years to develop.
I pray everyday that those "more advanced" cameras can be oproduced in a short period of time (10 year or so). I'm 37, I would be the most happy person in the world with my "old vision" at 47.
God Bless you all.
Luis, *, Portugal
i am 22 year old guy suffering from retinitis pigmentosa
first when i read heading of this news i was very excited and unable to control my heartbeats
but when i read complete article i'm sad, 5'7 years is a very long period
ankit j, delhi, india
Nice to see this sort of research with likely meaningful outcomes in 30 to 50 years. In the meantime, keeping this in proper perspective suggests a $20 white cane will still "see" better than several generations of this technology plus has no risk of infection, chronic pain, or even physiological/immunological rejection. Plus, with proper training, I suspect my white cane leaves me with much less "stumbling" than a 1,000 pixel picture. I'm more optimistic about living cell implants than a silicon wafer in my eyeball. Until then, I'll just keep on my productive path as a gainfully employed happy professional with RP gracefully navigating via my trusty white cane and no dark glasses. Thanks to all the Orientation and Mobility trainers across the U.S. A cane isn't perfect but it's darn good when properly used. Thanks too medical researchers and those willing to try out the latest medical interventions.
Michael Hudson, East Lansing, Michigan,USA
We have a 11 year old son who has been diagnosed with RP as part of having the genetic condition 'Bardet Beidle Syndrone'. His only symptons currently is that he struggles in the dark but his long term diagnosis is that he could loose his vision in his thirties.
We are obviously very excited by this news but accept that this may take longer than 5 - 7 years although who knows what size of device could be available in say 15-20 years when he will see a notable difference in his vision.
Could we be included on any e-mail distribution list so that we can keep informed as to development progress.
Nick, Rastrick, Brighouse, England
Wonderful news, but let's be careful when talking about 'restoring sight'. The expected result was to only see black and white, the real one was better. Amazing! But being able to differentiate between a plate and a cup doesn't mean you see them as you used to, you just see a difference between two shapes made of light.
Recognizing faces, therefore, would mean the same, I think - not being able to see what you used to, but seeing an oval of light with blotches of dark. Maybe it will be better than that, but I hope people don't get their hopes up too much. It's one thing to be told: you will only be able to tell light from dark and find out it's better than that. It's quite another to have the media talk of 'bionic eyes' and leave the fantasy up to the blind.
As for when we see these available - what research ever made good on those kind of promises? I think this is an amazing development, but I also think it will still take a lot longer than 5 to 7 years.
Einder, Rotterdam, Netherlands
How to contact the Eye Institute:
Doheny Eye Institute
1450 San Pablo Street
DEI-3050
Los Angeles, CA 90033
tel: (323) 442-7101
fax: (323) 442-7114
Angie, Atlanta, Georgia, US
i am also a RP sufferer and i am partially blind. is there any hope that this discovery would lead to me getting a treatment.
Chandni Sony, London, UK
My niece is 15years, one eye blind, she had an accident . She would like to be a volunteered. She is in africa. Full story will follow.
Jackline Katowa, Dublin, Ireland
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