Mark Henderson, Science Editor
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Up to 5 per cent of Africa’s elephants are being slaughtered for their ivory each year, according to research which suggests that poaching threatens the animals with extinction despite a global ban on the sale of ivory.
More than 23 tonnes of illegal ivory were seized between August 2005 and last August, most of it from recently killed elephants. Scientists believe that the true weight of smuggled tusks is ten times greater.
This would mean that about 234 tonnes of ivory were exported from Africa that year and about 23,000 elephants were killed. Continued poaching on this scale would drive the species rapidly to extinction.
Samuel Wasser, of the University of Washington in Seattle, who led the study, said the seizures suggested that poaching was taking place on a scale unseen since 1989, when an international convention banned the ivory trade.
The trend is being driven by growing demand in the Far East, and organised crime is becoming increasingly involved, Dr Wasser said. The black market price of a kilogram of good quality ivory was about $100 in 1989, and had doubled by 2004. However, last year a smuggled kilogram, was fetching $750 (£395), raising the financial incentive for poaching.
Urgent action is needed to help countries such as Zambia to deal with the organised crime syndicates that are running the trade, Dr Wasser said. “If it really is organised crime that’s driving this, then the only hope we have of stopping it is to stop the ivory at the source. . . because once it’s in the international market, the trade is very hard to stop.
“If people realised what is happening, they would be ashamed to be part of the crisis. We don’t want to spend our time catching criminals, we want to stop the crime from happening.”
The figures are disclosed today in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The study team said it was estimated that quantities of contraband, such as illegal drugs, seized by customs amounted to about 10 per cent of the total smuggled. “We conservatively assume that this percentage is also the case for ivory,” they said.
“Most enforcement agencies do not ‘target’ ivory as they do drugs or weapons, and technological advances, such as drug scanners and detection dogs, do not help with the interception of contraband ivory. Thus, the above 23,461kg should correspond to 234,610kg of smuggled ivory from about 23,000 elephants killed this past year.”
Dr Wasser’s team used DNA analysis to trace the source of one of the largest shipments of ivory intercepted in recent years, a consignment of about 6.5 tonnes seized in Singapore in 2002. It contained 532 tusks, with an average weight of 11kg.
The shipment also included 42,120 ivory cylinders, known as hankos, which are used to make stamps bearing personal seals, and which carry great prestige in South Asia. The hankos alone were worth about $8.4 million.
The DNA signatures of 67 tusks showed that they had come from older elephants from the savannah of Zambia. The size of the shipment contradicts official claims that only 135 elephants have been killed illegally in Zambia over the past ten years.
The disclosures have already influenced policy in Zambia, but further action is needed, Dr Wasser said. “Subsequent to being informed of our findings, the Zambian Government replaced its director of wildlife and began imposing significantly harsher sentences for convicted ivory traffickers.
“However, one still has to wonder whether this will be enough. Virtually no one has been prosecuted in this case.”
Genetic tracking of the origin of ivory should allow conservationists to protect elephants better where they are most at risk from poaching, he said, though international support was also needed. Western financial support for enforcing the ivory trade ban was largely withdrawn in 1993.
“What is really needed is to combine this with a major reinfusion of law enforcement aid at the scale that coincided with the 1989 ivory ban,” Dr Wasser said. “The international community virtually stopped ivory poaching once, and it can stop it again. Elephants are majestic animals and are not trivial to the ecosystem. They are a keystone species and taking them out significantly alters the habitat.”
White gold
— The number of African elephants decreased from 1.3 million in 1979 to 600,000 in 1989, when an international convention banned the trade of ivory. The population now stands at about 500,000
— Countries worst hit by poaching include Zambia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan Last year about 15 tonnes of ivory were seized — 10 to 15 per cent of the total traded
— An elephant carries about 7kg of ivory in its tusks
— About 60 to 70 per cent of ivory goes to the Far East, where it is used to make name seals, tourist trinkets and carvings
Source: Born Free Foundation

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poaching people should not be given a secound chance. they should recieve the same punishment that they gave the elephants. DEATH. if thst is the lengh that we have to go to than so be it
shane, lingla, us
If people learnt to overcome their need for materialism and greed and learn to appreciate the more simple things in life, the world could become a much better place. Unfortunately it seems the majority will still strive for newer & bigger cars, more & more un-needed plastic toys & gadgetry. But some of the worse offenders would have to be the many crassly wealthy individuals who give so little back to make the world a better place! (some of whom are climbing the 'Sunday Times rich list' - why do we want to read about these people, does it make you feel better??) For a supposedly 'inteligent' species, I am constantly amazed at how ignorant 'man' really is!
Kev, weybridge, uk
I think that killing elephants only to get their ivory is extremely stupid! We should do everything that's possible to save them! How can someone say "If it moves, shoot it". GOD! I am also a vegetarian and I am against killing elphants for their ivory or anything else!!! You must be a heartless person!
Caterina, London, England
I'm starting to get a bit confused...yesterday I was reading about how the elephant population in Africa was beginning to be a threat to civilians, now were fighting to save them? I'm a vegetarian, and am wholeheartedly against poaching, but you seem to be unsure about where you stand in regards to whether or not these creatures are overpopulated or underpopulated.
Laura, Hamilton, Canada
Really thats a bit rich and I draw the line !
If they cant do the right thing without having a white man
on the otherside of the planet pay for it then they deserve to
have no elephants.
.................
Lachlan, Sydney, NSW Australia
Its not about deserving or not deserving to have elephants. Rather, it should be about preservation of our planet. All things are connected - people, plants, animals - earth water and air. As we let elephants (and many other species) fade away we are simply adding to our own demise. We can't afford to be complacent just because the elephants are "over there" and are therefore "not our responsibility".
Elizabeth, Toronto, Canada
If it moves, shoot it,
If it tastes good eat it ... all of it... until it is all gone.
If you can sell it for a profit then by all means do so.
After all the creatures of the animal kingdon are less important than we superior human beings who know all, see all and can conquer all.
I feel sick reading these things. If the animals dare to fight back then they would be seen as pests and rogues. People just disgust me sometimes.
Karen, Adelaide, Australia
Its not only the government one has to look at who allows the legal trade of ivory. You can still purchase ivory on ebay. I contacted them once regarding this and they said they only allow trade on older pieces of ivory or those accuired by tribal groups. But truthfully its quite scary if you search ebay for ivory, fur, big cat, teeth oh as well as any of the items used for trapping you can find bear traps on ebay. So whos to blame we all are I say confront the govt but also boycott places like ebay that are not supporting your causes.
Eva, Boston, MA
If 23,000 is 5% of elephants, there are approximately 460,000 elephants. That is a healthy population, especially when the subject is such a large herbivore.
In some areas of Africa elephants are being culled because of overpopulation. A herd of elephant can destroy a huge amount of vegetation and farmland in a very short time.
While no one can condone poaching for ivory, this story is, as can be expected from the media, one-sided and agenda driven.
Christopher Engel, Dayton, OH, USA
And yet, the WWF two days ago advocated the reintroduction of cullling in the South African game parks to control the burgeoning elephant population, wtih resultant destruction of habitat.
Botswana has had similar success in preserving the animals.
I don't think the species is at present in danger of extinction; rather, that it is likely to be eliminated from certain areas.
Deon Irish, Cape Town,
I am so tired, when will the governments of the world wake up and try and stop the wholesale slaughter of these magnificent animals? Our governments sit back and allow whales to be harvested for so called scientific purposes by the Japanese, the absolutely cruel harvesting of bile from the bears of China and south East Asia. And of course the needless slaughter of these most beautiful elephants. Where does it end? It just goes on and on and on its so very, very sad. Oh well mother nature has her on way with dealing with recalcitrants such as Homo Sapiens we are destroying the world we live in and everything in it she will have her day. It just reconfirms our decision not to have children why bring a child into this world a defeatist attitude I am sure, but I give up.
Phil, Melbourne, Australia
I am so tired, when will the governments of the world wake up and try and stop the wholesale slaughter of these magnificent animals? Our governments sit back and allow whales to be harvested for so called scientific purposes by the Japanese, the absolutely cruel harvesting of bile from the bears of China and south East Asia. And of course the needless slaughter of these most beautiful elephants. Where does it end? It just goes on and on and on its so very, very sad. Oh well mother nature has her on way with dealing with recalcitrants such as Homo Sapiens we are destroying the world we live in and everything in it she will have her day. It just reconfirms our decision not to have children why bring a child into this world a defeatist attitude I am sure, but I give up.
Phil, Melbourne, Australia
Really thats a bit rich and I draw the line !
If they cant do the right thing without having a white man
on the otherside of the planet pay for it then they deserve to
have no elephants.
.................
Lachlan, Sydney, NSW Australia
I am in absolute shock at hearing this terrrible news. Elephants are one of the most amaziing animals in the world. Why can't these poachers see this? It saddens me as to what extent people go to,to make money. There should be harsher penalties to people caught doing this to these wonderful, amaziing, Majestic creatures, Maybe if someone caught poaching was sentenced to having one of his limbs removed. But as you said, the facts are covered up and the murderers get away with it. Elephants take such a long time to reproduce, and they are so large that they are easy targets. I would do anything to save the Elephant I wish all the wealthy people who live on this planet would think about the obsurdities that are happeniing with are beautiful animals, and put it into something positive. Money gived you a bit more power to do stuff. I am poor so I can only wish that things will get better for the Elephants. Maybe one day when my children are grown up I will go to Africa and help these beauiful creatures.
Melenie, Mullmbimby, NSW, Australia