Mark Henderson, Science Editor
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The fight against malaria could eventually be transformed by releasing into disease-ridden areas genetically modified mosquitoes that cannot transmit the infection.
Scientists in America have engineered a species of mosquito which is resistant to the malaria infection. Its ability to block the infection suggests that it could come to dominate mosquito populations if released into the wild.
The findings offer the strongest suggestion yet that engineering mosquitoes to resist the parasite could help to control a disease that takes up to 2.7 million lives each year, chiefly in Africa. Malaria infects between 300 million and 500 million people each year. Only HIV/ Aids causes more deaths from infectious disease.
Large numbers of GM mosquitoes would be released in areas where malaria is common, where they would interbreed with wild ones. Over several generations, resistance should spread through the mosquito population, so that fewer insects carry malaria. However, this approach would prove controversial with environmental groups, as it would involve supplanting a naturally occurring species with a genetically engineered variant.
Critics have argued that it is difficult to be certain of the effects of introducing new genes. Even the scientists involved accept that further research is needed before any GM insects could be introduced into the wild.
Though the first GM mosquitoes were created seven years ago, they proved to be less fit than their wild counterparts. This would mean that they would quickly die out, and have no effect on malaria transmission.
But a new study, led by Mauro Marrelli, of Johns Hopkins University in Maryland, reversed this position. The GM mosquitoes express a protein called SM1 that blocks malaria infection, and a gene that makes their eyes glow red or green, allowing them to be easily distinguished from wild insects.
The scientists found that while these modified mosquitoes have no advantage when feeding on uninfected blood, they are much better adapted when blood carries the malaria parasite. Infection with the Plasmodium organism does not kill normal mosquitoes, but it does reduce breeding efficiency.
The GM mosquitoes did not suffer from this and over nine generations (several months) they grew in number to make up 70 per cent of a laboratory population, compared with 50 per cent at the outset.
“When fed on Plasmodium-infected blood, the transgenic malaria-resistant mosquitoes had a significant fitness advantage over wild-type,” the scientists wrote in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
However, the species of both mosquito and malaria parasite used in the experiment are not those that are most harmful to humans. The mosquito was the Anopheles stephensi species, the main Asian vector, but the Anopheles gambiae species is more likely to infect humans, particularly in Africa where the malaria burden is worst.
The experimental parasite was Plasmodium berghei, which does not infect humans but is considered a very good laboratory model for Plasmodium falciparum, the most dangerous of the four strains that do.
A further problem is that only a very small proportion of wild mosquitoes are exposed to malaria, and the transgenic insects did not have a competitive advantage when the parasite was not present. This would slow the rate at which they might have an impact on malaria transmission.
A different approach has been adopted by a British team, led by Andrea Cristiani, of Imperial College, London. His team has developed a GM mosquito in which the males have fluorescent testicles, allowing them to be easily identified and sterilised. The goal is to introduce large numbers of sterile males, which would mate with normal females, reducing the number of eggs laid, and thus of malaria mosquitoes. As the mosquitoes are sterile, they would not transmit transferred genes into wild populations.
The deadly bite
— The most severe form of malaria is caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, transmitted by the bite of the Anopheles genus, particularly Anopheles gambiae. It is spread by pregnant females
— Malaria killed people in the Fens until the 19th century
— It has been predicted that global warming may result in malaria returning to Britain
— Malaria infects between 300 million and 500 million people a year, mainly in Africa
— In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria affects mostly young children, with almost 3,000 dying every day
— Symptoms include neck stiffness, convulsions, abnormal breathing and fever of up to 40C (104F)
— Distribution of the tropical disease mainly affects developing countries. About 90 per cent of cases are in Africa
— It costs £6.8 billion a year in Africa in lost GDP. Death and disability lead to the loss of 45 million years of productive life each year
— Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, Oliver Cromwell, Caravaggio and David Livingstone are thought to have died of it
— Those who had it but recovered include Lord Nelson, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Gandhi and Hemingway
Source: WHO / UN / Times database

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Ummmmm, doesn't that mean that the mosquito population will INCREASE? And that means we will be bitten more often?
Which means people will use MORE pesticides (because these cheap bug zappers the hardware stores carry now don't work), good for the profits of the pesticide companies but not to good
W Smith, Tooting , UK
This is fantastic man. I mean you catch a mosquito, inject him with the green and yellow colour so there is the GM (not the General Motors) effect. Then they bite but you do not get malaria.
Reminds me of my pa. He is 10 years old. He told me similar story. He has a spry that he invested. He sprays this on the flies. The flies become sexy and now you can kill two at a time. Marvellous stuff. Send this to Tanzania, we are dying honest.
Firozali A.Mulla MBA PhD, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
I guess I would like to see real STATISTICS of how many people would be harmed and the ACTUAL environmental impact of using D.D.T., the insecticide now, as opposed to years ago. Scientists have found out that much MUCH lower concentrations of the insecticide are just as effective at controlling mosquito-bourne illness as opposed to years ago when it was claimed that it caused birth defects and deaths and serious environmental impact. Also, they have learned more regarding application of the chemical--do NOT have people sit out and be in the ensuing cloud of chemical, wash your foodstuffs before eating forllowing chemicals having been applied in the area. Back in the bad ol days when they used HUGE concentrations of the stuff, kids used to run behind the trucks applying it!
There also has been some controversy as to how many people died or had harm befall them following these exposures to DDT.
It is something to look into before we alter the gene pool.
Beth Perry, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
I think it's right to be careful - as people have said, there are loads of unforeseen ways it can go wrong. But, if it works, then fantastic! We're not killing a species off (even if they are annoying) but we are gradually reducing its danger. And as for it not having an immediate effect, the fact is that some of the short term solutions we have come up with don't work over the long term - like DDT. What happens when, over the long term, mosquitoes along with other insects have become immune to it? Then what? This is certainly not all the answer but it could definitely be a part.
Sally Bridgewater, Leeds, England
I am afraid they cannot test for everything and there can be effects in the wild they don't expect. Killer bees were also an experiment at one time now they dominate the other bees. Nature isn't something we want to mess with. This drive to genetic modification is going to upset the balance.
Chris, San franscico, CA
The GM mosies may not transmit malaria, but will they be better at transmitting some other bug ?- be cautious folks!
Ayub, Toronto, Canada
If the scientsts have come up with a solution to eradicate malaria the let them carry on with it.
I had malaria whilst serving with the forces in Africa and survived. It was not pleasant. There are of course millions who have died because of it.
Please keep on helping these people.
You never know, it may return to our shores.
r. roerts, teignmouth,
Maybe we could eradicate the menace of mosquito being a problem for humans or animals forever? How about a GM modified mosquito that can only suck nectar but can't pierce skin to drink blood.
all it would require is for their stalk to become weaker or should have less penetrating power? If this new species can dominate the existing one, perhaps malaria, encephalitis etc could be forever eradicated.
Mbawmba, Lagoon, International dateline
With malaria killing one child in Africa every 30 seconds, GM solutions coming in decades is unimportant in the dialogue about what to do about malaria today. There are available solutions today that could reduce malaria to a managable health problem in months rather than decades. Integrated Malaria Management including source reduction for the vector, interior residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide treated bednets to reduce contact between human and mosquito, screening and medication for those infected all driven by decent data to optimise cost effectiveness. Multiple families of insecticides and drug therapy are needed in the mix to reduce build up of resistance ... but good available science can already give the world a solution.
Peter Burgess
Member IMMC: Integrated Malaria Management Coalition
Peter Buress, New York, NY USA
Wow. GM super mosquitoes. What a brilliant idea - surely if this works mosquito populations will boom and cause even more problems down the line. The money would be better spent developing a mosquito repellent that actually works!
Andrew , Reading,
US scientists should be very careful. I hope they have remembered, and learnt the lessons of the great " Fruit Fly " debacle in California.
P May, London, UK
Paul Russell, a former head of the Allied Anti-Malaria campaign, observed that [mosquito] eradication programs had to be wary of relying on DDT for too long as "resistance has appeared [after] six or seven years".
Adam, London, UK
Rhodesia had a superb solution that was effective and worked to the malaria disease but sadly no one listened specially the west.
Mike, Burley-in-Wharfedale, England
Ditto on the DDT thing.
There is also a risk that this new mosquito could have unforeseen impact - for example, be a transmitter of some other disease. We would be in a far worse situation if we found that 70% of mosquitos carried the HIV virus, for example. How can that be assessed? (Remember the unforeseen effects of lead in petrol, CFC's in refrigerators, CO2!) How can the 'inventors' of this be absolutely confident that they have screened for every such risk?
David, London, UK
The greenies will bleat on this one because of the GM link. But they condemned millions to death because of their stupidity concerning DDT so I think that a ban on GM mosquitos will be of no concern to their consciences.
L. Saunders, Edinburgh,
Malaria in the Fens in the 1800's? Minor fact overlooked by the GW sect. Just like the expert in the Channel 4 document claimed. Mosquitos do live in the northern hemisphere and GW has nothing to do with their chosen habitat.
David Thijm, Stourbridge, UK
Vectors of the mosquito would be still out there. I have dissected the mosquito in lab conditions, and seen the larvae dive in a test tube. The parasite Plasmodium falciparum is the real target of any new genetic modification. Reduce its lifecycle, reduce malaria. Therefore reduce waste dumps and poverty. If this works it could be done to target other parasites. Good work all round.
P A B, Grasmere, UK
Here's an idea: just bring back DDT. Its harmless and the liberals who caused it to be banned are responsible for the deaths of millions of children in Africa.
John, Seattle, USA / WA
Not mentioned in the fun facts is the fact that DDT had virtually wiped out malaria at one time, but since DDT was banned due to pressure from pseudo-environmentalists over 93,000,000 people have needlessly died of the disease.
http://www.junkscience.com/malaria_clock.html
Peter Grynch, Chicago, Illinois, USA