Jonathan Leake, Science Editor
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SCIENTISTS have bred cows that produce skimmed milk and hope to establish herds of the cattle to meet the demands of health-conscious consumers.
The milk is also high in omega3 oils, claimed to improve brain power, and contains polyunsaturated fat. The saturated fats found in normal milk are linked to increased risk of heart disease. The cows, which have a particular genetic mutation, were bred from a single female discovered by researchers when they screened milk from millions of cattle in New Zealand.
Butter from these cows has the extra advantage of being spreadable straight from the fridge, like margarine.
Scientists at ViaLactia, the biotech firm behind the £55m research, have named the cow Marge. Russell Snell, ViaLactia’s chief scientist, said: “Marge looks like an ordinary Friesian cow but has three key differences. She produces a normal level of protein in her milk but substantially less fat, and the fat she does produce has much more unsaturated fat. She also produces milk with very high levels of omega3 oils.”
Marge was discovered in 2001 when ViaLactia’s researchers bought her from her owner for £120 and moved her to a secret location.
The key issue was whether her calves would inherit her traits. “You have to generate daughters and then they have to carry a calf and deliver milk,” said Snell. “The eureka moment was when we found her daughters produced milk like their mother.”
The Auckland-based company says the first commercial herds for spreadable butter could be expected by 2011.
A brief description of ViaLactia’s research is due to be published this week in Chemistry & Industry, a journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. A formal research paper for a peer-reviewed journal will follow.
Britain produces 24.6 billion pints of milk a year of which 7.7 billion is for drinking. Growing health concerns mean that full-fat milk accounts for only a quarter of sales. The rest is semi-skimmed or skimmed, according to Dairy UK, the industry association.
ViaLactia hopes Marge’s male offspring carry the same genes as her daughters. “To have a bull from Marge’s offspring who passes on her traits would be the holy grail. It would allow us to reproduce hundreds of thousands of cows like Marge,” said Snell.
The scientists are still trying to identify the genes behind Marge’s unique traits. Klaus Lehnert, 43, Snell’s deputy, said: “We do expect to find them. We are good at finding genes. Then we can use DNA tests to find if an animal has the trait, rather than rely on data from experiments.”
Milk was once universally regarded as a health drink, thanks to heavy pro-motion by the government. Generations of children grew up with slogans such as “Drinka pinta milka day”. Free supplies were given to schoolchil-dren and pregnant women. When questions began to be raised about the fat content of milk, the Milk Marketing Board switched to trying to sell milk as sexy, targeting housewives with slogans such as: “Is your man getting enough?”
Government health campaigns now push low-fat diets and sales of whole milk, which contains 3.5% butter fat, account for just 25% of milk sales.
By contrast, sales of semi-skimmed milk, which contains 1.7% fat, and skimmed milk, which has 0.1% fat, account for 75% of sales. The New Zealand animals are understood to have less than 1% fat in their milk.
Ed Komorowski, technical director at Dairy UK, said a proper evaluation depended on ViaLactia’s research being published in a scientific journal.
“The New Zealand approach is exciting because people tend to avoid full-cream milk and go for semi-skim and skim. If whole milk can be made to contain unsaturated fats, which are good for you, then people may change back to whole milk,” he said.
Dr Susan Jebb, head of the Medical Research Council’s human nutrition unit, said such a milk could contribute to the nation’s health. “Dairy products make a significant contribution to our saturated fat intake, which is already 30% higher than recommended. A milk that has less fat, and fats of a better type, would be a lot healthier.”
Tom Brooksbank, of Norton& Brooksbank, one of Britain’s leading livestock auctioneers and valuers, said animals able to produce such milk could command a premium. “A cow that produced milk low in saturated fats and high in healthy ones would be a big hit, especially if it was natural,” he added.
Helen Wallace, of GeneWatch, the genetics watchdog, said it was important to ensure the mutations that produced the milk were not harmful in any way. “If so then using such animals would be far better than creating genetically modified cows.”

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Sounds like wonderful news. It would be great to be able to purchase the milk in it's raw state.
However how beneficial would this new product really be once it is comercially processed and altered through homoginisation and pasturisation? Would'nt we be back to square one?
Peter, Melbourne, Australia
Is this so called skimmed milk any good for their own offspring? Or do they not matter?
Louise, Leamington,
How would one go about to buy this product?
charles, el paso, texas
I have been reading a couple of the comments left by some of the readers, and I am was surprised to read the reactions about the genetic engineering of the cows. I was surprised by these reactions because it seems these readers did not actually read the article.
The article clearly states that this is a natural genetic mutation that they discovered, not caused. And they were simply breeding the female that had that trait.
This is a natural occurence, and these scientists are using it to increase your our quality of life. These cows are not genetically altered.
Byron, Vienna, VA
I too am also from NZ - the Cows are not genetically modified - their is a natural mutation in their genes. Regardless, I think skim/trim milk tastes revolting anyway.
David, Dunedin, New Zealand
I have been drinking genetically modified milk for 7 weeks now. I have increased strength and stamina. My eye-sight has improved enough to have discarderd my glasses. I also have a 20% increase in IQ. My receding hair-line has begun to rapidly grow back to where it used to be, and I have lost 20 pounds. Unfortunately, I also have a hoof growing out of my belly-button, but it is a small hoof and I will worry about that later.
Lonnie, Terrell, Texas
Genetically modified cows die at a 7 times faster rate than normal cows - and suffer more as a result. It is inhumane to breed animals for our satisfaction -we are NOT gods - however much many would have us believe we can be. Don't put that unnatural, genetically altered milk in anyones body whom you love.
HMoon, Fairfield,, Iowa
Good God! Certainly, science has improved the human condition, but I'd have to look at the en devour of food technology as a complete failure (processed food does *not* improve it's quality), and I can't imagine genetically engineered cows can be an improvement. Milk fat is good for you, in fact, non pasteurized milk is even better (lots of nutrients).
Wow....
Mega, LA, CA
This is bad news. Regular milk with all its fat is good for making butter, ice-cream, yogurt. Now these foods are made with skim milk and artificial thickeners, and simulated flavour enhancers and artificially added (vitamins that whole milk has)--but that skim milk lost as the fat or cream was removed. More so unpasteurized milk is better than homogenized/pasteurized milk ( a process of boiling the milk at a certain temperature to kill any possible bacteria-- this method removes much of the nutrition that was in the milk, again some attempt is made to put back some vitamins that were removed but this is not enough, nor does it restore the nutritional content of the boiled milk. Skim milk does not compare in nutrition and taste. It also does not compare to the benefits of cream or e.g. 3.25% milk, nor to unpasteurised whole milk. When the milk is more whole we drink less of it, and are more nourished than drinking in large quantities the inferior skim milk. see www.mercola.com
nancy, n.y, new york
I want to know how her calves do on her own milk, with no added feed. If her calves grow up strong and healthy on her milk alone, then I would go further.
Sherry Elton, Invercargill, New Zealand
I can't drink or use milk because of the Lactos and the milk fat causes eczema around the ankles. It also causes much mucus in my sinusus. It would appeal to a lot of us if this was also free of lactos.
Jim Leatherman, dayton, montgomery /Ohio
"Skimmed" milk is a mechanical process and can not
be dupplicated by an animal. Using terms that are incorrect is tipical of writers, thay jus write with no teal
knowledge.The term should be "Low Fat Milk"
M Foltz, Eden, USA NC
Next thing you know the government will outlaw regular cows and we won't have the choice of whole or skim milk...Just like the great state of California made it illegal to sell regular light bulbs, ridding people of the ability to chose. The new light bulbs they do allow have murcury. Now California is finding that people are just throwing them away and not disposing of the Mercury properly. I say this poor cow should be turned out with a normal herd and forgotten.
Brandi, Oakdale, TN, USA
Hey everyone, whats the beef? Change is always going to occur. Dairy product consumers want lower fat products. If cows are bred to provide what consumers want I don't see a problem with that especially if it is done naturally.
For those of you who have a problem with eating meat and dairy products, I suggest you go back living in the jungle, lets see how long you last there, another scoop of ice cream for me!
Clay, in New York
Clay, New York, NY
Will this milk provide necessary nutrition to calves? Someone wasn't thinking this through correctly. We can still separate out the fat later, and use it for our coffee.
Rich Y, Dover, USA NJ
There is a reason why there is FAT IN MILK! Without it one cannot grow or assimiliate the vitamins and minerals properly! This is just another "brilliant" category as we will find out milk without fat will make you sick down the road.
What will they think of next? Humans without brains???
Nelly Bell, Honolulul, Hawaii
and the parents of this cow wear white coats
arthur harawira, kaikohe, Aotearoa
What a wonderful discovery. If it can be propogated naturally, all the better. Selective breeding is certainly a viable option, though. Congrats to the farmer! The state of Wisconsin is jealous!
Missy, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin
As a NZer and having seen this item on our news it is my understanding that Madge has not been bred specifically to produce skim milk. Her milk is naturally skim with high omega3 oils. What will be specially bred are her offspring. NZ does not 'over winter' its animals in barns etc. Our sheep and beef/cows are left out in the fields in all seasons and are not 'grain fed'. Thank goodness.
Heather, Wellington, , New Zealand
If cows can be made to give out skimmed milk ,it follows that calfs could produce semi- skimmed.
james hazan, huddersfield, uk
for 80 years we bred them the other direction, to provide milk with a high butterfat content. now it is just the opposite so what is new??
david, summum, il./usa
Now, if we can just get Marge to graze on chocolate grass.
roby mitchell, amarillo, texas
How the world changes. Thirty years ago at agricultural college all the focus was on how to get the fat content of milk as high as possible. High fat creamy milk from Jersey cows being the most prized.
Mike Marshall, Reading, UK
What's next chickens that lay scrambled eggs?
Pat, NYC, USA/NY
The Goodies, in their 1971show "Farm fresh food", saw it coming.
Ernesto Nomparte, Gijon, Spain
Because it contains higher Omega-3 oils, the downfall is that it will go rancid faster than regular milk.
Karin, Hobbs, NM
Let me know when get a cow that produces chocolate milk.
Nick, Holbrook, NY
Know anyone affected by those horrible Monsanto GM seeds? I didn't think so. Also, it doesn't seem as if humans altered this cow. She had this genetic mutation all by herself.
Steve, Lancaster, PA
Darel needs to learn a little more science before making such a drastic and radical decision. The rationale behind organic food makes very little sense.
John, St. Louis, Missouri
When will scientist learn we must never alter nature? I started purchasing organic foods after I read horrible news regarding Monsanto GM seeds.
Darel , Roanoke , VA
A threat to separation?
Dave, Hudson, WI
Now all they need to do is get them to produce fat free, Lactose free, and chocolate!! :^)
Karyn S, Addison, IL. USA
Until milk fat at the farm level has a negative value (there is actually a penalty for producing fat at the farm level) there is no economic reason for feeding and milking this type of cow. Milk production is a commodity business and all of the most basic economic principles hold. But, perhaps Kiwi economics are different.
It has been known for about 30 years that there are several dietary means of producing milk fat high in unsaturated fats. Unfortunately, the milk is prone to becoming rancid and because the fat is oily it is practically impossible to produce standard dairy products that depend on the fat having a certain character.
So, time will tell....
Robert Bremel, Hillpoint, Wisconsin USA
Now, if only they can breed a cow that gives beer...
Blogger1947, Gwynn Oak, USA
If I had to guess, they're bred with non-skim mothers. Just like the entire Orange Tree crop in the US is on non-orange tree root stock.
Parick, Portland, Oregon
I would like to know how well the calves of these cows thrive and grow if they get only low fat milk.
Peter Lees, RADSTOCK, UK